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Copper Tripeptide-1, Glycyl-L-Histidyl-L-Lysine Copper, Prezatide Copper
A naturally occurring copper-binding tripeptide that promotes wound healing, collagen production, and anti-aging effects in skin and tissues.
Aouani. A A; Hovsépian. S S; Fayet. G G
In thyroid cells, insulin and hydrocortisone can boost production of thyroglobulin (a key thyroid protein) without using the usual cAMP signaling, while TSH needs cAMP to work. The peptide GHK (the building block of GHK‑Cu) did not affect thyroglobulin production at all.
Hu. Die D; Zhang. Xuexun X; Gong. Shiwen S; Ma. Wentao W; Cheng. Bo B; Yang. Jing J; Yan. Lesan L; L...
With the wide application of soft tissue fillers, implant material-induced inflammatory reactions have become a key factor affecting the therapeutic efficacy. This study developed an injectable filler with enhanced anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects by adsorbing glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine copper complex (GHK-Cu) onto hydroxyapatite microspheres (HAPs), marking the first combination of HAPs and GHK-Cu to address inflammation caused by soft tissue fillers. GHK-Cu was successfully loaded onto HAPs by electrostatic adsorption. HAPs were then mixed with carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), glycerol (GLY), and water to form GHK-Cu@CMHA gel. The study focus on the effective combination of HAPs as a carrier for sustained GHK-Cu delivery and the anti-inflammatory properties of GHK-Cu. GHK-Cu@CMHA exhibits sustained release properties for 7 days, which ensures prolonged therapeutic effects, minimizes peptide waste and reduces injection frequency, with good flowability and injectability. In the model of LPS-induced inflammation model in vivo and in vitro, GHK-Cu@CMHA gel reduced levels of inflammatory factors and Reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels decreased, while superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was enhanced. In this process, H&E staining and Masson staining revealed significant collagen deposition. These findings further confirm that GHK-Cu@CMHA is a novel injectable soft tissue filler with good anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, which holds well potential for inflammation inhibition.
Sahu. Rajesh R; Yadav. Saurav S; Gunturu. Krishna Chaitanya KC; Kapdi. Anant R AR
The paper describes a new fluorescent sensor that lights up when it detects copper ions (Cu II) in a lab solution. It’s a chemistry tool for measuring copper, not a study about the GHK‑Cu peptide’s effects on the body.
Huang. Jinzhen J; Yu. Huangzhong H
The study shows that adding a tiny amount of the peptide GHK‑Cu to the mix of materials used in a type of solar cell makes the cell work better, boosting its efficiency from about 10% to 12% in one case and from 15% to 17% in another. However, the research is about solar‑cell performance, not about any health effects of the peptide.
Zheng. Fan F; Guo. Jun J; Khan. Abdul Jamil AJ; Miao. Pandeng P; Zhang. Feng F
Scientists made tiny glowing particles by mixing a copper‑binding peptide (GHK) with an oxidized form of dopamine. These particles change their light output with pH, making them useful as very sensitive pH sensors, but they are a lab tool, not a health supplement or therapy.
Sharma. Shilpa S; Anwar. Mohammad Faiyaz MF; Dinda. Amit Kumar AK; Singhal. Maneesh M; Dua. Amita A;...
Stimuli responsive polymer based on Polyaspartic acid, 2-Acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid and sodium alginate (NaAlg) were synthesized using two cross-linkers Ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) and TMPTA (Trimethylolpropane triacrylate). The polymers were standardized and optimized to obtain a polymer with maximum swelling in distilled water, saline, glucose and solutions of varying pH. The synthesized polymer swelled well in distilled water, glucose solution and acidic- alkaline medium. The biocompatibility of the polymer was evaluated for blood compatibility and protein adsorption. The polymer with maximum swelling property was used for peptide release studies. The polymer was further used to study the peptide encapsulation and release efficiency of the polymeric material which was confirmed by FTIR, Scanning Emission Microscope and EDX. The encapsulation efficiency of the polymer for encapsulating (glycyl-l-histidyl-l-lysine-copper) GHK-Cu was observed to be 55.26% and peptide release of 51.84% was observed for Ethylene glycol dimethacrylate based polymer after 24 h whereas for Trimethylolpropane triacrylate based polymer the encapsulation efficiency was observed to be 49.6% and release was 39.01%. The EGDMA based polymer was further examined under <i>in vivo</i> studies in order to evaluate the efficiency of the synthesized polymer. The <i>in vivo</i> studies include wound closure, histopathological analysis, biochemical and toxicity assay. The material has shown promising results for both <i>in vivo</i> and <i>in vitro</i> studies.
Greco. Valentina V; Lanza. Valeria V; Tomasello. Barbara B; Naletova. Irina I; Cairns. Warren R L WR...
In recent years, hyaluronic acid (HA) and the natural tripeptide glycyl-l-histidyl-l-lysine (GHK), especially its copper(II) complex (GHK-Cu), individually have been shown to exert helpful properties for bone protection and regeneration. However, they are not strong enough to handle oxidative stress, hydrolytic attack, or environmental conditions. Being aware that conjugation chemistry has recently emerged as an appealing approach for generating new molecular entities capable of preserving the molecular integrity of their moieties or delaying their degradation, herein we present the synthesis of conjugates of HA with GHK (GHK-HA), at different loadings of the tripeptide. GHK-HA binds copper(II) ions and potentiates the chemical and biological properties of the two components in in vitro assays. The results highlight copper's role in promoting the expression and release of certain trophic, angiogenic, and osteogenic factors, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), as well as bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2). The protective and regenerative activities of the metal ion are related to the translocation of its intracellular chaperones Copper Chaperone for Superoxide Dismutase (CCS) and Antioxidant-1 (Atox1) to the nucleus where they act as transcription factors.
Tucker. Matthew M; Liao. Gerald Yu GY; Park. Joo Young JY; Rosenfeld. Manuela M; Wezeman. Jackson J;...
Efforts to find disease modifying treatments for Alzheimer's disease (AD) have met with limited success in part because the focus has been on testing drugs that target a specific pathogenic mechanism. Multiple pathways have been implicated in the pathogenesis of AD. Hence, the probability of more effective treatment for AD is likely increased by using an intervention that targets more than one pathway. The naturally occurring peptide GHK (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine), as a GHK-Cu complex, supports angiogenesis, remodeling, and tissue repair, has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, and has been shown to improve cognitive performance in aging mice. In order to test GHK-Cu as a neurotherapeutic for AD, male and female 5xFAD transgenic mice on the C57BL/6 background at 4 months of age were given 15 mg/kg GHK-Cu intranasally 3 times per week for 3 months until 7 months of age. Results showed that intranasal GHK-Cu treatment delayed cognitive impairment, reduced amyloid plaques, and lowered inflammation levels in the frontal cortex and hippocampus. These observations suggest additional studies are warranted to investigate the potential of GHK-Cu peptide as a promising treatment for AD.
Martí-Gastaldo. Carlos C; Warren. John E JE; Briggs. Michael E ME; Armstrong. Jayne A JA; Thoma...
Scientists made two new sponge‑like, 3‑dimensional structures by linking short protein pieces (Gly‑His‑Gly and Gly‑His‑Lys) with copper. These materials can collapse when dried and then reopen when they see water vapor, but they don’t recover when exposed to carbon dioxide. The researchers also showed they can chemically modify the lysine part after the material is built.
Parker. Noah P NP; Ardeshirpour. Farhad F; Schmechel. Stephen C SC; Lassig. Amy Anne D AA
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Bradford. Seth S; Kawarasaki. Yuta Y; Cowan. J A JA
Scientists looked at how a copper‑bound peptide (a short chain of amino acids that includes lysine, glycine, histidine, and lysine) can cut a specific piece of RNA called tRNA(Phe). They measured how tightly the peptide binds, how fast it cuts, and where the cuts happen. The study is a detailed lab investigation of the chemistry, not a health‑related finding.
Kurvinen. J P JP; Kuksis. A A; Ravandi. A A; Sjövall. O O; Kallio. H H
The study shows that a specific lipid-derived aldehyde (2‑MAG‑ALD) can chemically bind to various amino acids, small peptides, and a phospholipid by forming Schiff‑base adducts, but it does not test any health‑related effects or give guidance on using these reactions in the body.
Liu. S Q SQ; Ito. Y Y; Imanishi. Y Y
The study describes a lab technique for growing mouse cells without using proteins in the liquid medium, by attaching insulin and collagen to a special plastic sheet and adding metal ions and fats. It shows that cells can keep growing on this surface, but it does not give any advice or data that can be used by people outside the lab, especially not for human health or the GHK‑Cu peptide.
Hilfer. S R SR; Schneck. S L SL; Brown. J W JW
The study looked at how mouse fetal lung cells grow in a lab dish. It found that a small peptide (GHK) plus some hormones can make the cells form branching structures, but the type of hormone determines whether certain lung cells develop. The way the cells are cultured (submerged vs. exposed to air) also changes the shape they take.
Canapp. Sherman O SO; Farese. James P JP; Schultz. Gregory S GS; Gowda. Santosh S; Ishak. Anthony M...
To evaluate the effects of topical glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine tripeptide-copper complex (TCC; Iamin 2% Gel; Procyte Corporation, Redmond, WA) on healing in ischemic open wounds. Experimental study. Twenty-four adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats were divided into 3 groups: topical TCC, topical TCC vehicle (hydroxypropyl-methylcellulose), and no treatment (control). Six-mm-diameter, full-thickness wounds were created within an ischemic bipedicle skin flap on the dorsum of each rat. Each day, for 13 days, wound margins were traced, and the TCC and TCC vehicle groups were treated topically. Tracings were scanned, and wound perimeter and area were calculated. On days 6, 10, and 13, selected wounds were biopsied and analyzed for tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) 2 and 9. A significant decrease in wound area was seen in the TCC group, but not the vehicle group, when compared with the control group on days 3 to 5, 6 to 9, and 11 to 13 and when TCC was compared with TCC vehicle on days 3 and 9. On day 13, initial wound area had decreased by 64.5% in the TCC group, 45.6% in the vehicle group, and 28.2% in the control group. On days 6, 10, and 13, TCC-treated wounds contained significantly lower concentrations of TNF-alpha and MMP-2 and MMP-9 than control wounds. Topical TCC resulted in accelerated wound healing in ischemic open wounds. Topical TCC is an effective stimulant of healing of ischemic open wounds in rats and may have an application for the treatment of chronic wounds in other species. Clinical evaluation of topical TCC is warranted.
Bossak-Ahmad. Karolina K; Wiśniewska. Marta D MD; Bal. Wojciech W; Drew. Simon C SC; Frą...
The tripeptide NH<sub>2</sub>-Gly-His-Lys-COOH (GHK), <i>cis</i>-urocanic acid (<i>cis</i>-UCA) and Cu(II) ions are physiological constituents of the human body and they co-occur (e.g., in the skin and the plasma). While GHK is known as Cu(II)-binding molecule, we found that urocanic acid also coordinates Cu(II) ions. Furthermore, both ligands create ternary Cu(II) complex being probably physiologically functional species. Regarding the natural concentrations of the studied molecules in some human tissues, together with the affinities reported here, we conclude that the ternary complex [GHK][Cu(II)][<i>cis</i>-urocanic acid] may be partly responsible for biological effects of GHK and urocanic acid described in the literature.
Vinci. C C; Caltabiano. V V; Santoro. A M AM; Rabuazzo. A M AM; Buscema. M M; Purrello. R R; Rizzare...
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Eggo. M C MC; Bachrach. L K LK; Brown. A L AL; Burrow. G N GN
Six insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBP) have been identified in the conditioned medium from sheep thyroid cells cultured under serum-free conditions. IGFBPs of 32, 28, 23 and 19 kDa were secreted by cells cultured for 14 days in serum-free and hormone-free medium. The constitutive secretion of IGFBP was inhibited by thyrotropin (TSH, 0.3 mU per mL). The effect was most marked on the secretion of the 28 kDa BP. High insulin concentrations stimulated the secretion of this IGFBP. The stimulatory effects of insulin were inhibited by TSH. Growth hormone treatment decreased the secretion of the 28 kDa protein. Tetradecanoylphorbol-13 acetate (TPA) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) both of which stimulate thyroid cell growth but inhibit differentiated function, markedly stimulated IGFBP secretion and induced the appearance of a 46 and a 150 kDa IGFBP. The effects of EGF and TPA were not identical. A rat IGFBP-2 cDNA reacted with sheep thyroid RNA of approximate size 1.6 kb. TPA treatment increased IGFBP-2 mRNA. Other hormones used to enhance differentiation and growth in thyroid cells in culture i.e. transferrin, somatostatin, cortisol and glycyl-histidyl-lysine acetate had no marked effects on IGFBP secretion nor on TSH-dependent, insulin-mediated iodide uptake and organification and cell growth. We show a correlation between secretion of high molecular weight IGFBP with enhanced growth but decreased function. Conversely, we find a correlation between decreased secretion of the 28 kDa BP and increased growth and function.
Wang. J F JF; Hill. D J DJ; Becks. G P GP
This study looked at how thyroid‑stimulating hormone (TSH) reduces the release of certain IGF‑binding proteins in sheep thyroid cells and whether that effect depends on cAMP or protein kinase C (PKC). They found that raising cAMP levels mimics TSH’s effect on iodine handling but not its ability to suppress those binding proteins, and that activating PKC blocks both TSH actions. The work is a basic cell‑biology investigation of thyroid hormone regulation.
Bachrach. L K LK; Eggo. M C MC; Burrow. G N GN; Liu. F F; Tram. T T; Powell. D R DR
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