The study shows that ghrelin, a hormone that boosts growth hormone and hunger, can directly activate brain cells in the dorsal raphe (a key serotonin hub) by making them more electrically active. This activation uses two ion pathways and is blocked by a specific ghrelin‑receptor blocker. Most of the responsive cells are likely serotonin‑producing, linking ghrelin to mood, sleep, and feeding control.

Ghrelin promotes growth hormone (GH) secretion and feeding. Recent studies further showed that ghrelin displayed a defending effect against the depressive-like symptoms and affected sleep in animals and humans. Serotonergic system is considered to be implicated in feeding, depression and other mood disorders, and sleep. The dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) utilizes serotonin (5-HT) as its major neurotransmitter and expresses GH secretagogue receptors (GHS-Rs). Therefore, the present study was carried out to examine the electrophysiological effect of ghrelin on rat DRN neurons in vitro and determine the ionic mechanism involved. Whole-cell recording revealed that ghrelin depolarized DRN neurons dose-dependently in tetrodotoxin-containing artificial cerebrospinal fluid (TTX ACSF). Pretreatment with [D-Lys(3)]-GHRP-6, a selective antagonist for GHS-Rs, antagonized the ghrelin-induced depolarization. The depolarization was significantly reduced in a low-Na(+) TTX ACSF and in a high-K(+) TTX ACSF and was abolished in the combination of both ACSFs, suggesting that the ghrelin-induced depolarization is mediated by a dual ionic mechanism including an increase in nonselective cationic conductance and a decrease in K(+) conductance. The experiments on the reversal potential also supported an involvement of the dual ionic mechanism in the ghrelin-induced depolarization. On the basis of their electrophysiological and pharmacological properties, approximately 80% of DRN neurons were classified as putative 5-HT-containing neurons and ghrelin depolarized 75% of them. These results suggest that DRN neurons, especially 5-HT-containing neurons, might be involved in the neural mechanisms through which ghrelin participates in the development and/or regulation of feeding behavior, sleep-wake states and depressive-like symptoms.