The review says that components in milk—especially its proteins—can naturally raise IGF‑1 levels, which helps kids grow and may support muscle and bone health in adults. Other milk parts like gangliosides, phospholipids, and certain peptides might boost brain development, lower blood pressure, and improve metabolism, but most of the evidence is still from animal or early‑stage studies.

This review aims to highlight some of the key bioactive functionalities that a range of components in milk can potentially make to reduce risks to health at key life stages. Such functionalities cannot be adequately explained by traditional estimates of nutrient supply. The benefits of gangliosides from the milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) for neonatal neurodevelopment are examined along with milk proteins for growth stimulation of children via the proteins' ability to stimulate insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). Exosomes in bovine milk and their miRNA are bioavailable, with an animal study indicating that placenta development and embryo survival were both enhanced. Concerning bone health, the unique characteristics of the casein micelle for supplying Ca, P and Mg to the GI tract were considered. The so-called dairy food matrix and the hypotensive effect of some peptides from milk proteins may be compensatory factors for SFA regarding CVD risk. The recent rise in use of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists for adiposity reduction and improving glycaemic control is noted alongside evidence that milk proteins can stimulate GLP-1 synthesis potentially reducing GLP-1 receptor agonist need in high milk protein consumers. Other functionality included the ability of whey proteins to stimulate synthesis of skeletal muscle protein, crucial for bone protection and glycaemic control and the role of milk/Ca for reducing colorectal cancer risk. Perhaps the most exciting functionality is that of polar phospholipids in the MFGM potentially improving cognition and reducing the risk of dementia in the elderly. Clearly more human studies are needed.