Scientists found that the Kiss1 gene, which makes the kisspeptin hormone, starts being read from two different spots in the brain of young female rats. One spot (TSS1) is turned on by estrogen and changes during puberty, while the other (TSS2) does not respond to estrogen and stays constant. This tells us how the body naturally controls kisspeptin production, but it doesn’t give any direct tips for using kisspeptin‑10 as a supplement or therapy.

The importance of the Kiss1 gene in the control of reproductive development is well documented. However, much less is known about the transcriptional regulation of Kiss1 expression in the hypothalamus. Critical for these studies is an accurate identification of the site(s) where Kiss1 transcription is initiated. Employing 5'-RACE PCR, we detected a transcription start site (TSS1) used by the hypothalamus of rats, mice, nonhuman primates and humans to initiate Kiss1 transcription. In rodents, an exon 1 encoding 5'-untranslated sequences is followed by an alternatively spliced second exon, which encodes 5'-untranslated regions of two different lengths and contains the translation initiation codon (ATG). In nonhuman primates and humans, exon 2 is not alternatively spliced. Surprisingly, in rat mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH), but not preoptic area (POA), an additional TSS (TSS2) located upstream from TSS1 generates an exon 1 longer (377 bp) than the TSS1-derived exon 1 (98 bp). The content of TSS1-derived transcripts increased at puberty in the POA and MBH of female rats. It also increased in the MBH after ovariectomy, and this change was prevented by estrogen. In contrast, no such changes in TSS2-derived transcript abundance were detected. Promoter assays showed that the proximal TSS1 promoter is much more active than the putative TSS2 promoter, and that only the TSS1 promoter is regulated by estrogen. These differences appear to be related to the presence of a TATA box and binding sites for transcription factors activating transcription and interacting with estrogen receptor-α in the TSS1, but not TSS2, promoter.