In rats, the peptide melanotan‑I (NDP‑MSH) didn’t change blood pressure or heart rate even at very high doses, while a related peptide (gamma‑2‑MSH) raised both, and ACTH‑(1‑24) lowered blood pressure, raised heart rate, and blocked the pressor effect of gamma‑2‑MSH. This suggests melanotan‑I is unlikely to cause immediate cardiovascular spikes, but the findings are from animals and may not fully translate to humans.

1. We investigated the effects of [Nle4,D-Phe7]alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (NDP-MSH), adrenocorticotropin-(1-24) (ACTH-(1-24)) and gamma 2-MSH, three melanocortins with different agonist selectivity for the five cloned melanocortin receptors, on blood pressure and heart rate in conscious, freely moving rats following intravenous administration. 2. As was previously found by other investigators as well as by us gamma 2-MSH, a peptide suggested to be an agonist with selectivity for the melanocortin MC3 receptor, caused a dose-dependent, short lasting pressor response in combination with a tachycardia. Despite the fact that NDP-MSH is a potent agonist of various melanocortin receptor subtypes, among which the melanocortin MC1 receptor, it did not affect blood pressure or heart rate, when administered i.v. in doses of up to 1000 nmol kg-1. 3. ACTH-(1-24) caused a dose-dependent decrease in blood pressure in combination with a dose-dependent increase in heart rate in a dose-range from 15 to 500 nmol kg-1. The cardiovascular effects of ACTH-(1-24) were independent of the presence of the adrenals. 4. Pretreatment with ACTH-(1-24) caused a pronounced, dose-dependent parallel shift to the right of the dose-response curve for the pressor and tachycardiac effects of gamma 2-MSH. The antagonistic effect of ACTH-(1-24) was already apparent following a dose of this peptide as low as 10 nmol kg-1, which when given alone had no intrinsic hypotensive activity. 5. These results form further support for the notion that it is not via activation of one of the as yet cloned melanocortin receptors that gamma-MSH-like peptides increase blood pressure and heart rate. The cardiovascular effects of ACTH-(1-24) seem not to be mediated by the adrenal melanocortin MC3 receptors, for which ACTH-(1-24) is a selective agonist, or by adrenal catecholamines. 6. There appears to be a functional antagonism between ACTH-(1-24) and gamma 2-MSH, two melanocortins derived from a common precursor, with respect to their effect on blood pressure and heart rate. Whether this antagonism plays a (patho)physiological role remains to be shown.