The study shows that the peptide thymosin‑alpha‑1 activates a specific immune signaling pathway (TRAF6‑IKK‑NF‑κB) leading to increased IL‑6 production, but it doesn’t provide dosage or usage guidelines for humans.

Thymosin alpha1 (T(alpha)1) is noted for its immunomodulatory activities and therapeutic potential in treatment of infectious diseases and cancer. However, the molecular mechanism of its effectiveness is not completely understood. Here, we report that T(alpha)1 induces interleukin (IL)-6 expression through the I(kappa)B kinase (IKK) and nuclear factor-(kappa)B (NF-(kappa)B) pathway. Using IKK(beta)-deficient bone-marrow-derived macrophages and mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs), we show that IKK(beta) is essential for IKK and NF-(kappa)B activation as well as efficient IL-6 induction. Further analysis using tumour necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6)-deficient MEFs shows that TRAF6 is crucial for activation of IKK and induction of IL-6 by Talpha1. Intriguingly, T(alpha)1 triggers protein kinase C (PKC)iota/zeta activation, which is TRAF6 dependent and involves IKK. In addition, T(alpha)1 induces the formation of a signalsome composed of TRAF6, p62 and PKC(iota)/zeta as well as IKK. Thus, our study identifies T(alpha)1 as a unique activator of the TRAF6 signal pathway and provides a cohesive interpretation of the molecular basis of the therapeutic utility of T(alpha)1.