In a mouse study, a low dose of prothymosin alpha given by injection boosted immune cells to make a lot more TNF‑alpha, which helped kill tumor cells and let many mice live much longer, but the effect disappeared at higher doses and the work was done only in mice, not people.

The effect of prothymosin alpha (ProT alpha) on the survival of DBA/2 mice inoculated with syngeneic tumour cells was studied. DBA/2 mice inoculated intraperitoneally (i.p.) with 2 x 10(5) syngeneic leukaemic L1210 cells developed ascites within 8-12 days and died 10-14 days later. Treatment with ProT alpha consistently inhibited the development of ascites in 20% of the treated animals and prolonged the survival of 40%-60% of the animals up to 70 days. The most effective treatment schedule of ProT alpha was 300 ng/mouse given i.p. at 2-day intervals for 3 weeks followed by a rest period of 7 days, prior to tumour cell inoculation. Peritoneal exudate (PE) cells collected from mice treated with the optimal dose of ProT alpha produced, in the absence of exogenous stimulus, six- to eightfold higher levels of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) than PE cells from control mice. Furthermore these cells exhibited cytotoxic activity against several tumour cell lines including the syngeneic L1210, the TNF-insensitive P815 mastocytoma, the human MOLT-4 lymphoblastic leukaemia, as well as the murine TNF-sensitive L929 fibroblast cell line. Kinetic studies revealed that both production of TNF alpha and tumoricidal activity peaked 7 days after the last injection of ProT alpha and were maintained at high levels over a period of 1 month. Injections with 150 ng ProT alpha slightly improved the survival of mice whereas higher (500 ng and 1000 ng) doses of ProT alpha and a wide range of thymosin alpha 1 doses remained without any effect. PE cells collected from these mice produced extremely low levels of TNF alpha and exhibited negligible tumoricidal activity. Our data demonstrate that ProT alpha has a protective effect in vivo against the growth of adoptively transferred tumour cells and suggest that this effect is, at least in part, mediated by ProT alpha-activated PE cells. These cells were demonstrated to produce high levels of TNF alpha in vitro and to exhibit activity against both TNF-sensitive and TNF-resistant cell lines.