LL-37 can reprogram human blood monocytes into a new cell type called monoosteophils that can make bone, and when these cells are mixed with tiny hydroxyapatite particles they helped heal large skull bone holes in mice, but the method needs lab-grown cells and isn’t something you can do at home yet.

Monoosteophils, derived from LL-37-treated monocytes, are a novel type of calcifying/bone forming cells. We have shown that monoosteophils can form bone-like nodules <i>in vitro</i> and accelerate bone repair in a drilled femur defect model. Here, we explored the bone repair function of monoosteophils in a mouse model of critical-sized calvarial defect and the mechanism of bone nodule formation of monoosteophils <i>in vitro</i>. Human monocytes were isolated from peripheral blood and differentiated into monoosteophils. Critical-sized (5&#xa0;mm-diameter) calvarial defects in the parietal bone of adult male NOD/SCID mice were implanted with either 1-day untreated human monocytes, 1-day LL-37 treated human monocytes (monoosteophils), 1-day human monocytes plus hydroxyapatite nanoparticles or 1-day human monoosteophils plus hydroxyapatite nanoparticles. Micro-computed tomography (&#xb5;CT) was used for assessment of bone formation in the mouse model. Alizarin Red S staining (ARS), FAM-alendronate staining, light and fluorescence microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and transmitted electron microscopy (TEM) were used to examine bone nodule formation <i>in vitro</i>. The most complete healing (80%) was observed for monoosteophils plus nano-scale hydroxyapatite. The results of a dose response study (5 &#xd7; 10⁶, 2.5 &#xd7; 10⁶, 1.25 &#xd7; 10⁶ and 0.625 &#xd7; 10⁶ MOP cells) showed that monoosteophil cell counts as low as 0.625 &#xd7; 10⁶ cells were able to significantly repair the defect area over a short-term observation period of 4 weeks. Mechanistic <i>in vitro</i> studies using ARS and FAM-alendronate staining showed that monoosteophils form bone nodule in &#x3b1;MEM medium supplemented with 2.5&#xa0;mM CaCl₂. SEM/EDS analysis confirmed that the bone nodules consisted of phosphorus, calcium, oxygen, and sodium. Monoosteophils in culturing condition formed the unique granules in the cytoplasm consisting of phosphorus, calcium, oxygen, and sodium evidenced by SEM/EDS. We now demonstrate that the bone repair function of monoosteophils requires hydroxyapatite through intracellular nodule formation and monoosteophils are capable of filling in large calvarial defects in our pilot study. These observations may have important implications in facilitating the development of therapeutic applications for clinically challenging bone repairs and the understanding of pathological mineralization.