An antimicrobial peptide of the cathelicidin family that provides innate immune defense by killing pathogens and modulating inflammation and wound healing.
Sharpe. Samantha W SW; Kuehn. Meta J MJ; Mason. Kevin M KM
The study shows that tiny bubbles released by a common respiratory bacteria can stick to and enter throat cells, causing those cells to release the immune signaling molecule IL‑8 and the natural antibiotic peptide LL‑37. This reveals a way the bacteria may influence our immune defenses, but it doesn’t give direct tips for health‑hacking or longevity.
Morizane. Shin S; Yamasaki. Kenshi K; Mühleisen. Beda B; Kotol. Paul F PF; Murakami. Masamoto M...
The study shows that the antimicrobial peptide LL-37 makes skin cells (keratinocytes) produce more of a sensor called TLR9, and when these cells then encounter DNA they crank out a lot of immune‑activating proteins called type I interferons. This chain of events is seen in psoriasis lesions, meaning LL-37 can boost skin inflammation by helping cells react to DNA.
Muratov. V V; Paulsson. J M JM; Elvin. K K; Löfberg. R R; Lundahl. J J
The study found that during a medical procedure called leukocyte apheresis, the plastic tubing can create the antimicrobial peptide LL‑37 and a soluble form of the IL‑1 receptor (sIL‑1RI). These molecules might help calm inflammation in people with inflammatory bowel disease, but the effect is tied to a clinical device, not something you can easily replicate at home.
Laudien. Martin M; Dressel. Stefanie S; Harder. Jürgen J; Gläser. Regine R
The study maps where natural antimicrobial proteins like LL‑37, RNase‑7, and others are made in the nose, showing they differ between the front part of the nose and deeper turbinates, but it doesn’t test any treatments or give dosage advice.
The study shows that the human antimicrobial peptide LL‑37 can knock off certain sticky proteins (glutamine synthetase and glucose‑6‑phosphate isomerase) from the surface of a beneficial gut bacterium, Lactobacillus crispatus, especially when the environment becomes more alkaline. This detachment makes the bacteria less able to stick to gut lining components like collagen and laminin.
Kim. Hee Jung HJ; Cho. Dae Ho DH; Lee. Kyung Jin KJ; Cho. Chul Soo CS; Bang. Sa Ik SI; Cho. Baik Kee...
The study found that the natural peptide LL‑37 can stop skin cells from dying in a disease called systemic sclerosis. It does this by boosting survival proteins, lowering death proteins, and turning on certain cell‑signaling pathways. While interesting, the work is focused on a rare autoimmune condition, not on general health or performance.
Sigurdardottir. Sigrun L SL; Thorleifsdottir. Ragna H RH; Guzman. Andrew M AM; Gudmundsson. Gudmundu...
The study shows that the antimicrobial peptide LL‑37 is made mainly by certain immune cells (neutrophils and a type of dendritic cell) in the tonsils, not by the lining cells. When tonsil cells are exposed to LL‑37 in the lab, they release inflammatory signals and change some receptors that guide immune cells, suggesting LL‑37 can tweak local immune responses.
Wu. William Ka Kei WK; Sung. Joseph Jao Yiu JJ; To. Ka Fai KF; Yu. Le L; Li. Hai Tao HT; Li. Zhi Jie...
The study shows that the natural peptide LL‑37 can slow the growth of stomach cancer cells in lab dishes and mice by turning on a tumor‑blocking pathway (BMP signaling) and stopping the cell’s protein‑recycling machine (proteasome).
Koziel. Joanna J; Karim. Aabdulkarim Y AY; Przybyszewska. Kornelia K; Ksiazek. Miroslaw M; Rapala-Ko...
The study shows that a protein made by a gum‑disease bacterium (Tannerella forsythia) can cut up the human antimicrobial peptide LL‑37, making it useless at killing bacteria and stopping it from calming inflammation. This helps the bacterium survive in the mouth and may worsen gum disease.
Kreuter. Alexander A; Jaouhar. Mohamed M; Skrygan. Marina M; Tigges. Christian C; Stücker. Mark...
Researchers measured several skin‑defense proteins, including the peptide LL‑37, in people with different forms of cutaneous lupus. They found that LL‑37 and other antimicrobial peptides are higher in lupus skin lesions—especially in the subacute type—compared to healthy skin, which may help explain why lupus patients rarely get skin infections. The study does not test any treatments or give advice on using LL‑37 for health improvement.
Matzner. Michael M; Al Samie. Abdul Rahim AR; Winkler. Heide-Maria HM; Nemeth. Johannes J; Grasnek....
People with leprosy have much lower levels of the natural antimicrobial peptide LL‑37 in their blood, whether they’re already being treated or not, and the drop is biggest right after the disease starts. Vitamin D levels don’t seem to change. This hints that LL‑37 might play a role in fighting the leprosy bacteria, but the study doesn’t show how to use this info for health hacks.
Majchrzykiewicz. Joanna A JA; Kuipers. Oscar P OP; Bijlsma. Jetta J E JJ
Scientists studied how the pneumonia bug reacts when hit with the human peptide LL‑37 and two other antimicrobial peptides. They found a handful of bacterial genes that turn on or off to help the bug survive, especially some transport proteins that can make the bacteria more resistant to LL‑37.
Lee. Sang Eun SE; Kim. Ji-Min JM; Jeong. Se Kyoo SK; Jeon. Jeong Eun JE; Yoon. Hyun-Ju HJ; Jeong. Mi...
The study shows that acne‑causing bacteria release proteases that activate a skin receptor called PAR‑2, which then triggers inflammation and the production of antimicrobial peptides like LL‑37, as well as enzymes that break down tissue. Blocking the proteases or the PAR‑2 receptor reduces these effects, suggesting a pathway behind acne inflammation.
The study shows that the tiny blisters in palm‑and‑sole skin disease (PPP) form where sweat ducts open, that sweating is reduced in the affected spots, and that the antimicrobial peptide LL‑37 is found in the blister fluid but isn’t made more by nearby skin cells.
Lopez. Analette I AI; Reins. Rose Y RY; McDermott. Alison M AM; Trautner. Barbara W BW; Cai. Chengzh...
The study shows that certain synthetic molecules called PAMAM dendrimers can kill eye‑infection bacteria about as well as the natural antimicrobial peptide LL‑37, but they can also be tweaked with a small amount of PEG to make them less harmful to human eye cells while still being effective against some bacteria. However, this research is about lab‑made polymers, not a supplement or protocol you can use right now.
Berkestedt. Ingrid I; Herwald. Heiko H; Ljunggren. Lennart L; Nelson. Axel A; Bodelsson. Mikael M
In patients with severe sepsis, the body’s immune system releases several antimicrobial proteins, but the peptide LL‑37 does not increase. Higher levels of other proteins are linked to worse heart‑related organ failure and higher death risk, showing they reflect a strong neutrophil response rather than a protective effect you can tap into.
Scientists made a thin (about 2 nm) polymer coating on magnetic nickel particles using a special plasma process, then attached the natural antimicrobial peptide LL‑37 to the coating. The resulting particles were able to kill E. coli bacteria in lab tests. This is mainly a materials‑science technique, not a direct health or supplement protocol for individuals.
Kanda. Naoko N; Ishikawa. Takeko T; Kamata. Masahiro M; Tada. Yayoi Y; Watanabe. Shinichi S
The study shows that people with psoriasis have higher blood levels of the immune peptide LL‑37, which drops when they take the drug cyclosporine A. LL‑37 interacts with many inflammation‑related signals, creating feedback loops that can either boost or suppress its own production. However, the research focuses on a skin disease and does not give clear guidance for using LL‑37 in everyday health or longevity plans.
The study looked at how different shapes (morphotypes) of the bacteria Burkholderia pseudomallei survive inside human immune cells and how they react to the natural antimicrobial peptide LL‑37. Some bacterial forms are more resistant to LL‑37 and hydrogen peroxide, while others are not, and the bacteria can even change shape under low‑oxygen conditions.
Colantonio. Arnaud D AD; Epeldegui. Marta M; Jesiak. Maria M; Jachimowski. Loes L; Blom. Bianca B; U...
The study shows that a protein called IFN‑α is naturally made in the human thymus (a gland that trains immune cells) even when there’s no infection. A special immune cell type (pDC) makes the most IFN‑α, and a molecule called LL‑37, when it binds to DNA, can trigger these cells to release more IFN‑α, which then activates other immune cells.