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LL-37

Cathelicidin, hCAP-18, FALL-39, CAP-18

An antimicrobial peptide of the cathelicidin family that provides innate immune defense by killing pathogens and modulating inflammation and wound healing.

Quick Stats
Studies 2230
Trials 95
Formula C205H340N60O53
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Utility 3
pubmed May 16, 2025

Therapeutic potential of phytochemical luteolin in restoring skin barrier by inhibiting antimicrobial peptides associated with TRAF6/TAK1/IKK/IκB in psoriasis-like HaCaT models.

Chung. Hui Su HS; Hwang. Hyung Seo HS

Researchers found that luteolin, a plant flavonoid, can lower the skin's inflammatory antimicrobial peptide LL-37 (and a few others) and boost proteins that keep the skin barrier strong in lab-grown skin cells that mimic psoriasis. This suggests luteolin might help calm skin inflammation and repair dryness, but the work is still at the cell‑culture stage.

Utility 3
pubmed Aug 28, 2024

Origami of KR-12 Designed Antimicrobial Peptides and Their Potential Applications.

Lakshmaiah Narayana. Jayaram J; Mechesso. Abraham Fikru AF; Rather. Imran Ibni Gani IIG; Zarena. D D...

KR-12 is a tiny piece of the human immune peptide LL‑37 that can kill bacteria and calm the immune system. Scientists have tweaked it to make it more stable and effective, packaged it in tiny particles for better delivery, and shown it works safely in animal tests for skin and internal use. While it’s not yet a consumer product, the data suggest it could become a low‑toxicity topical or oral supplement for infection control, inflammation, or skin health in the future.

Utility 3
pubmed Aug 21, 2025

Antimicrobial Peptides of the Cathelicidin Family: Focus on LL-37 and Its Modifications.

Voronko. Olga Evgenevna OE; Khotina. Victoria Alexandrovna VA; Kashirskikh. Dmitry Alexandrovich DA;...

LL-37 is a natural human peptide that can kill microbes and influence the immune system, but using it as a drug is hard because it breaks down quickly, can be toxic, and is expensive to make. Scientists are tweaking its structure—making shorter versions, flipping the sequence, or attaching it to tiny carriers—to make it more stable, less harmful, and cheaper. These engineered versions look promising for future medicines, but they’re still in the research stage.

Utility 3
pubmed Nov 15, 2024

Antiviral activity of cathelicidins against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV): Mechanisms, and efficacy.

Pashaie. Fatemeh F; Hoornweg. Tabitha E TE; Bikker. Floris J FJ; Veenendaal. Tineke T; Broere. Femke...

The study found that the human antimicrobial peptide LL-37 can block infection of a pig coronavirus in cell culture at low micromolar levels, mainly by sticking to the virus and changing its shape, and it can also get inside cells, hinting at an immune‑boosting effect.

Utility 3
pubmed Jul 30, 2025

Enhanced Killing of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus With Ceftaroline or Vancomycin in Combination With Carbapenems.

Jankeel. Allen A; Pérez-Parra. Gabriel G; Khetarpal. Anuj K AK; Alvarado. Ivan A IA; Nizet. Vic...

The study found that mixing carbapenem antibiotics (like ertapenem or meropenem) with standard MRSA drugs (ceftaroline or vancomycin) works better than using the standard drugs alone. This combo not only kills the bacteria more effectively in lab tests and mice, but also makes the bugs less resistant and easier for the body’s own defenses—platelets and the natural peptide LL‑37—to destroy. While promising, these findings are still early‑stage and need doctor supervision before anyone tries them.

Utility 3
pubmed Apr 21, 2025

Distinct temporal profiles of AMPs and cytokines in pleural fluids from open and closed thoracic surgeries and exploration of synergy with antibiotics and wound healing effects.

Tok. Kerem K; Gürsoy. Dilara D; Moulahoum. Hichem H; Aksu. Didem D; Memmedov. Rza R; Ghorbaniza...

The study looked at how the natural antimicrobial peptide LL‑37 (and a few other AMPs) shows up in the fluid around the lungs after different kinds of chest surgery. It found that the fluid can kill bacteria on its own and works even better when combined with a common antibiotic, cefazolin. The fluid also helped skin cells heal wounds, with slightly different patterns depending on the surgery type.

Utility 3
pubmed Apr 1, 2025

Circadian rhythm disruption promotes M1 macrophages polarization exacerbating the inflammatory response in rosacea.

Tu. Ying Y; Yang. Zhenghui Z; He. Yunting Y; Wang. Tingyu T; Hua. Piyan P; Yao. Qiuyan Q; Gu. Hua H

The study shows that messing up your body’s internal clock (like staying up late or having irregular sleep) can make rosacea worse by turning immune cells into a more inflammatory type, leading to more skin redness and irritation. Boosting a clock protein called Bmal1 in cells reduced this inflammation, suggesting that keeping a regular sleep‑wake schedule might help manage rosacea symptoms.

Utility 3
pubmed May 14, 2025

The glycocalyx of Lacticaseibacillus paracasei NPB01 presents two different rhamnose-rich polysaccharides with non-equivalent immunomodulating activities.

Armiento. Samantha S; Oglio. Franca F; Masino. Antonio A; Iovine. Andrea A; Trivelli. Xavier X; Moli...

Researchers found that two sugar coatings on a probiotic bacterium, Lacticaseibacillus paracasei NPB01, can trigger the body to make more of the antimicrobial peptide LL‑37. One coating (CPS‑2) was especially good at boosting LL‑37 and also helped strengthen gut barrier proteins.

Utility 3
pubmed Sep 19, 2024

Associations between vitamin D status and biomarkers linked with inflammation in patients with asthma: a systematic review and meta-analysis of interventional and observational studies.

El Abd. Asmae A; Dasari. Harika H; Dodin. Philippe P; Trottier. Helen H; Ducharme. Francine M FM

The review looked at many studies on vitamin D levels and inflammation in people with asthma. Overall, most markers didn’t change with vitamin D, but higher vitamin D was linked to lower allergy‑related IgE and possibly fewer eosinophils and less of the antimicrobial peptide LL‑37, hinting that vitamin D can tone down some immune activity.

Utility 3
pubmed Oct 1, 2024

Categorizing interaction modes of antimicrobial peptides with extracellular vesicles: Disruption, membrane trespassing, and clearance of the protein corona.

Sonallya. Tasvilla T; Juhász. Tünde T; Szigyártó. Imola Cs IC; Ilyés. Kinga...

Scientists studied how the antimicrobial peptide LL‑37 and other similar peptides interact with tiny vesicles released from red blood cells. They found LL‑37 can strip away the outer protein layer of these vesicles without breaking them, while some other peptides can slip into the vesicles without causing damage. This helps us understand how to use such peptides to modify vesicles for research or potential therapies.

Utility 3
pubmed Mar 24, 2025

Cathelicidin-BF: A Potent Antimicrobial Peptide Leveraging Charge and Phospholipid Recruitment against Multidrug-Resistant Clinical Bacterial Isolates.

Salnikov. Evgeniy E; Adélaïde. Morgane M; Ramos-Martín. Francisco F; Saad. Ahmad A; S...

Cathelicidin-BF (CatBF) is a snake‑derived peptide similar to human LL‑37 that kills a wide range of drug‑resistant bacteria, works fast, stays in the blood for at least an hour, and helped mice survive infections. It works by using its strong positive charge to pull in negatively‑charged lipids, neutralize bacterial membranes, and at higher doses create temporary pores that kill the bugs. While it isn’t a ready‑to‑use supplement, the study shows the peptide could become a new class of antibiotics that bypass typical resistance mechanisms.

Utility 3
pubmed May 2, 2025

A sonosensitive diphenylalanine-based broad-spectrum antimicrobial peptide.

Zhang. Xiaoguang X; Feng. Xiaobo X; Ma. Liang L; Lei. Jie J; Li. Gaocai G; Zhang. Weifeng W; Liang....

Scientists made a tiny piece of the human immune peptide LL‑37 (FFRKSKEK) that only becomes a powerful antibiotic when you shine ultrasound on it for about 15 minutes. It kills more than 99% of several tough, drug‑resistant bacteria, works better than vancomycin in a goat spine infection model, and shows almost no toxicity to human cells.

Utility 3
pubmed Aug 19, 2024

Acute salivary antimicrobial peptide secretion response to different exercise intensities and durations.

Ito. Reita R; Uchino. Takamasa T; Uchida. Masataka M; Fujie. Shumpei S; Iemitsu. Keiko K; Kojima. Ch...

A short study in 14 healthy young men found that a 30‑minute bike ride at any intensity didn’t change the mouth’s LL‑37 antimicrobial peptide, but doing a moderate‑intensity ride for 60‑90 minutes did raise LL‑37 levels. Other mouth peptides (lactoferrin, lysozyme, HBD‑2) responded differently to intensity and time.

Utility 3
pubmed May 30, 2025

The Application of a Novel Intense Pulsed Light in the Treatment of Rosacea-Like Mice.

Tian. Run R; Jia. Yongbin Y; Xie. Li L; Wen. Xiang X

In mice that develop rosacea‑like skin inflammation after being given the antimicrobial peptide LL‑37, a special intense pulsed light (IPL) treatment helped clear redness and inflammation. The best results came from using a dual‑band light filter (530‑650 nm and 900‑1200 nm), which cut down blood vessels, neutrophils, and mast cells, and improved the skin barrier.

Utility 3
pubmed Jun 10, 2025

Niclosamide Alleviated Skin Inflammation and Restored the Balance between Effector and Regulatory T Cells in Skin.

Kang. Bo Mi BM; Seo. Eunyoung E; Ahn. Jung Min JM; Kim. Bo Ri BR; Kim. Gwanyoung G; Lee. Kyungmin K;...

In mouse studies, the anti‑worm drug niclosamide, when applied to the skin, reduced inflammation in two common skin problems – psoriasis‑like lesions caused by imiquimod and rosacea‑like lesions triggered by the peptide LL‑37. It worked by lowering the activity of the inflammatory STAT3 pathway and by shifting immune cells away from a pro‑inflammatory state (IL‑17‑producing T cells) toward more regulatory T cells that calm the immune response.

Utility 3
pubmed Sep 15, 2024

Epithelial Antimicrobial Peptide/Protein and Cytokine Expression Profiles Obtained from Nasopharyngeal Swabs of SARS-CoV-2-Infected and Non-Infected Subjects.

Gambichler. Thilo T; Goesmann. Silke S; Skrygan. Marina M; Susok. Laura L; Schütte. Christian C...

The study found that people with early COVID‑19 infection have higher levels of the antimicrobial peptide LL‑37 and other immune proteins in their nose swabs, and that higher TNF‑α gene activity was linked to a lower chance of developing pneumonia. This suggests LL‑37 and certain cytokines are part of the body’s first line of defense against the virus, but the research does not test any treatments.

Utility 3
pubmed Mar 28, 2025

Research progress in the role of ultraviolet in the pathogenesis of rosacea.

Xie. Yuming Y; Hu. Yue Y; Huang. Junke J; Liu. Juan J; Zhang. Qing Q

The study shows that UV light can worsen rosacea by boosting the skin's LL-37 peptide and other inflammatory molecules, leading to redness, swelling, and new blood vessels. Blocking UV exposure could therefore help keep rosacea under control.

Utility 3
pubmed Oct 9, 2023

Enhanced Antimicrobial Screening Sensitivity Enabled the Identification of an Ultrashort Peptide KR-8 for Engineering of LL-37mini to Combat Drug-Resistant Pathogens.

Mechesso. Abraham Fikru AF; Su. Yajuan Y; Xie. Jingwei J; Wang. Guangshun G

Scientists found a new short peptide called LL-37mini that kills tough bacteria like MRSA, E. coli, and Pseudomonas without harming human cells and can break down bacterial biofilms, but it’s still in early animal testing and not yet a consumer product.

Utility 3
pubmed Jan 13, 2024

Potential role of salivary vitamin D antimicrobial peptide LL-37 and interleukins in severity of dental caries: an exvivo study.

Hegde. Mithra N MN; Kumari N. Suchetha S

The study found that lower levels of vitamin D in saliva are linked to more severe tooth decay, while the antimicrobial peptide LL‑37 was slightly higher in people without cavities but not enough to be statistically meaningful. Inflammation markers IL‑6 and IL‑17A didn’t show clear differences between those with and without cavities.