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Thymalfasin, Zadaxin, Thymosin α1
A synthetic 28-amino acid peptide that enhances immune function by modulating T-cell activity, used for viral infections and immunodeficiencies.
Chen. Jiang J
In a small clinical trial, giving septicâshock patients the peptide thymosinâalpha1 (1.6âŻmg under the skin twice a day for a week) boosted key immune cells and was linked to shorter ICU stays, less time on a ventilator, lower hospital costs, and lower 28âday death rates.
Andreone. P P; Cursaro. C C; Gramenzi. A A; Buzzi. A A; Covarelli. M G MG; Di Giammarino. L L; Minie...
In a small Italian trial, giving thymosinâalphaâ1 twice a week for six months did not clear hepatitis C virus or meaningfully lower liver enzymes, and only caused mild injectionâsite discomfort.
Ma. Yun-Long YL; Zheng. Zheng Z; Li. Bao-Dong BD; Xie. Shao-Jian SJ; Li. Gui-Xin GX; Yan. Qing-Hui Q...
This study shows that the peptide thymosinâalphaâ1 can make immune cells called dendritic cells more mature and better at activating Tâcells, which in turn improves the ability to kill colon cancer cells in lab dishes and in mice. The effect was strongest when thymosinâalphaâ1 was used together with a dendriticâcell vaccine, leading to a bigger slowdown of tumor growth.
Lim. Seng Gee SG; Wai. Chun-too CT; Lee. Yin Mei YM; Dan. Yock Young YY; Sutedja. Dede Selamat DS; W...
A study tested adding the immuneâboosting peptide thymosinâalphaâ1 to standard interferon treatment in people with chronic hepatitis B. The combo showed a higher rate of losing a viral marker (45.8% vs 28%) but the difference wasnât statistically solid, and other health measures didnât improve. So while thereâs a hint it might help, the evidence isnât strong enough to change how youâd use it on your own.
Huang. Deng-peng DP; Yang. Ming M; Peng. Wei-ping WP; Chen. Xiao-she XS; Chen. Zhong-qing ZQ
A small study gave critically ill patients with a breathing tube a daily shot of thymosinâalphaâ1 (11.6âŻmg) for a week and found they got fewer lung infections and had lower inflammation markers than those who got a placebo.
Goya. R G RG; Bolognani. F F
The paper explains that the thymus gland makes hormones like thymosinâalphaâ1 that not only help the immune system but also affect brain and hormone signals. As we age, the thymus shrinks, which may weaken these signals and contribute to the overall decline in body balance.
Abiko. T T; Sekino. H H
Scientists made a short piece of a rat protein called parathymosin (the first 28 amino acids) and tested it on weak immune cells from kidneyâfailure patients. By itself it did nothing, and when mixed with the immuneâboosting peptide thymosinâalphaâ1 it actually blocked thymosinâalphaâ1âs beneficial effect.
Jiang. Jun J; Li. Ning N; Li. Jie-Shou JS
In a rat study, giving thymosinâalphaâ1 after a severe abdominal infection lowered harmful inflammation markers, boosted antiâinflammatory signals and Tâcell numbers, helped keep protein levels up, and cut the death rate over a week.
Cheng. Shu-qun SQ; Wu. Meng-chao MC; Chen. Han H; Shen. Feng F; Yang. Jia-he JH; Cong. Wen-ming WM;...
In a small study of liverâcancer patients with active hepatitis B, adding the immuneâboosting peptide thymosinâalphaâ1 to the antiviral drug lamivudine after surgery dramatically lowered the virus in the blood and helped more patients clear a viral marker, while also nudging the time before the cancer came back and overall survival a few months longer.
An. Tong-Tong TT; Liu. Xu-Yi XY; Fang. Jian J; Wu. Mei-Na MN
A tiny study gave the peptide thymosinâalphaâ1 to cancer patients before and after chemotherapy and saw about half of them have less severe nerve sideâeffects, suggesting it might protect nerves during chemo, but the data are very limited.
Cheng. Shu-qun SQ; Wu. Meng-chao MC; Chen. Han H; Shen. Feng F; Yang. Jia-he JH; Cong. Wen-ming WM;...
In a small study of liver cancer patients who had surgery, adding the immuneâboosting peptide thymosinâalphaâ1 together with a standard chemoâembolization treatment didnât lower how often the cancer came back, but it did seem to push the return of the tumor back by a few months and helped patients live a bit longer on average.
Barinskiĭ. I F IF; Alimbarova. L M LM; Platonova. A A AA; Shmelev. V A VA
In lab tests, a hybrid protein that includes thymosinâalphaâ1 (combined with TNFâalpha) and interferonâgamma can slow down herpesâsimplexâ2 and cytomegalovirus growth in human fibroblast cells, especially when given before the virus hits the cells. The effect isnât a direct virusâkilling action, and the results are only from cell cultures, not people.
Goldsobel. A B AB; Haas. A A; Stiehm. E R ER
In a baby with DiGeorge syndrome, giving thymosinâalphaâ1 to her blood cells in the lab did not increase Tâcell numbers, but a boneâmarrow transplant from her brother did improve her immune system and raised a thymic hormone in her blood. This suggests thymosinâalphaâ1 alone may not boost Tâcells in severe thymic deficiency, while a transplant can help.
Avdeeva. Zh I ZhI; Akol'zina. S E SE; Alpatova. N A NA; Medunitsyn. N V NV
In guineaâpig experiments, adding certain cytokinesâincluding the peptide thymosinâalphaâ1âto a hepatitisâŻA vaccine dramatically increased the animals' antibody response, achieving up to tenâtimes higher antibody levels and 100% seroconversion compared with the vaccine alone.
Stefanini. G F GF; Foschi. F G FG; Castelli. E E; Marsigli. L L; Biselli. M M; Mucci. F F; Bernardi....
A tiny study gave 12 liverâcancer patients a peptide called thymosinâalphaâ1 alongside their usual chemoâembolization and saw no serious side effects, a modest boost in certain immune cells, and a longer survival compared to patients who got chemoâembolization alone. The results are promising but come from a very small, nonâblinded trial, so theyâre not a solid guide for healthy people yet.
Gökkuşu. C C; Ademoğlu. E E; Oz. H H; Türkoğlu. U M UM
In a rabbit study, giving thymosinâalphaâ1 lowered the amount of fat in red blood cells and boosted the activity of a key membrane pump (Naâș/KâșâATPase). These changes were seen in animals with high cholesterol, suggesting the peptide might influence blood lipid handling and cell membrane function, but the work is preâclinical and not directly ready for human use.
Cheng. Shu-qun SQ; Wu. Meng-chao MC; Chen. Han H; Shen. Feng F; Yang. Jia-he JH; Cong. Wen-ming WM;...
In a small study of liver cancer patients with portal vein tumor clots, adding the peptide thymosinâalphaâ1 after surgery and chemoâembolisation seemed to lengthen survival compared to the same treatment without the peptide, though the sample was tiny.
Amarapurkar. Deepak D; Das. Haribhakti Seba HS
In a small, uncontrolled study of 20 people with chronic hepatitis B, giving thymosinâalphaâ1 injections (1.6âŻmg under the skin twice a week for six months) lowered liver enzymes and led to a sustained virologic response in about a quarter of participants, but it didnât clear the virus completely and no major side effects were seen.
Paul. S S; Sodhi. A A; Biswas. S K SK
The study shows that the peptide thymosinâalphaâ1 can wake up mouse immune cells (macrophages) so they start killing tumor cells and release signaling molecules, but the effect is weaker in mice that already have cancer.
Shrivastava. P P; Singh. S M SM; Singh. N N
In mice with a type of lymphoma, giving the peptide thymosinâalphaâ1 (or a normal mouse thymus extract) made the tumorâassociated immune cells (macrophages) produce more nitric oxide, a molecule that can help kill cancer cells. This effect got even bigger when the cells were also exposed to a bacterial signal (LPS), and factors from the tumor itself seemed to boost the response. The study shows thymosinâalphaâ1 can directly activate these immune cells, which might be useful for cancerârelated immune support, but itâs an early animal study with no human dosing guidance.