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Thymalfasin, Zadaxin, Thymosin α1
A synthetic 28-amino acid peptide that enhances immune function by modulating T-cell activity, used for viral infections and immunodeficiencies.
Wu. Xiaoning X; Jia. Jidong J; You. Hong H
Thymosin alpha‑1 is a small protein that can boost the immune system’s fight against chronic hepatitis B. Studies show it can lower the virus on its own and works even better when paired with standard antivirals like lamivudine or interferon, helping more people clear the virus markers. Research is still ongoing, especially with newer drugs for liver cirrhosis.
Kharazmi-Khorassani. Jasmin J; Asoodeh. Ahmad A; Tanzadehpanah. Hamid H
Thymosin alpha-1 (Thα1) can neutralize several harmful free radicals in test‑tube experiments and lower oxidative stress in human nerve cells, and it also blocks the enzyme that raises blood pressure (ACE) at very low concentrations. However, all the work was done in vitro, so we don’t yet know how it works in a living person or what dose would be needed.
Matteucci. Claudia C; Grelli. Sandro S; Balestrieri. Emanuela E; Minutolo. Antonella A; Argaw-Denbob...
Thymosin‑alpha‑1 is a small protein that can help balance the immune system, and studies suggest it may boost immune recovery in people with HIV who are on antiretroviral drugs, but the evidence is still mostly from lab and early clinical work.
Liu. Yueping Y; Pan. Yue Y; Hu. Zhenhong Z; Wu. Ming M; Wang. Chenhui C; Feng. Zeqing Z; Mao. Congzh...
A study of 76 severe COVID‑19 patients in Wuhan found that giving the peptide thymosin‑alpha‑1 lowered death rates and helped bring back low T‑cell numbers, especially in older people and those with very low CD4 or CD8 counts. It also reduced markers of exhausted T‑cells, suggesting a healthier immune response.
King. R R; Tuthill. C C
Thymosin‑alpha‑1 is a naturally‑derived peptide that can boost the immune system by activating key immune cells and signaling pathways, and studies in animals and humans show it improves immune cell numbers and function, which could help with age‑related immune decline or infections, though exact dosing and protocols aren’t yet clear for everyday use.
Camerini. Roberto R; Garaci. Enrico E
Thymosin‑alpha‑1 is a peptide that boosts and balances the immune system and has been tested in thousands of patients for infections like hepatitis, sepsis and fungal disease. Recent studies suggest that higher doses give stronger immune benefits and it appears very safe with almost no side‑effects, but the best dosing schedule and how to combine it with other treatments are still unclear.
Pica. Francesca F; Gaziano. Roberta R; Casalinuovo. Ida Antonia IA; Moroni. Gabriella G; Buè. C...
Thymosin‑alpha‑1 is a natural peptide that helps keep the immune system balanced. People with several immune‑related diseases (like hepatitis B, psoriatic arthritis, multiple sclerosis, sepsis and cystic fibrosis) tend to have lower levels of this peptide in their blood or sputum. Knowing a person’s starting level could help doctors (and informed self‑experimenters) decide if and how much Ta‑1 to give, but the exact dose and schedule are still unclear.
Schmidt. Marcel M; Toplak. Ana A; Rozeboom. Henriëtte J HJ; Wijma. Hein J HJ; Quaedflieg. Peter...
Scientists created a new enzyme called thymoligase that can stitch together two 14‑amino‑acid pieces to make the 28‑amino‑acid peptide thymosin‑α1 in water, achieving very high reaction efficiency and roughly doubling the overall production yield compared to older methods.
Shi. Quan-Xing QX; Chen. Bing B; Nie. Chuang C; Zhao. Zhi-Ping ZP; Zhang. Jun-Hai JH; Si. Shao-Yan S...
In a rat study, giving the protein thymosin‑alpha‑1 after a blast‑type brain injury helped the animals learn and remember better. It seemed to work by lowering a harmful brain protein change, boosting immune cells that calm inflammation, and reducing brain swelling. The research is early‑stage and done in animals, so it isn’t a ready‑to‑use treatment for people yet.
Wang. Tingting T; Yin. Lei L; Wang. Hao H; Fawcett. John Paul JP; Gu. Jingkai J
Scientists created a quick test to measure both natural thymosin‑alpha‑1 and its lab‑made version in blood and urine, and found that when the lab version is injected it gains the same N‑terminal acetyl group that the natural peptide has, while the natural peptide doesn’t lose it. This means the two forms end up looking the same in the body.
Fang. S J SJ; Zheng. L Y LY; Zhao. Z W ZW; Fan. X X XX; Xu. M M; Ji. J S JS
In a small study of 30 liver‑cancer patients, adding the peptide thymosin‑alpha‑1 (1.6 mg injected under the skin twice a week for four weeks) to standard chemo‑embolization raised the percentages of key T‑cell types and boosted cellular autophagy markers for the first few weeks, but the effect faded by three months.
Al-Mahtab. Mamun M; Bazinet. Michel M; Vaillant. Andrew A
In a tiny Bangladeshi trial, drugs called nucleic acid polymers (NAPs) slashed hepatitis B virus markers in the blood, and when they were followed by a short course of the immune‑boosting peptide thymosin‑alpha‑1 (or interferon), most patients lost the viral surface antigen and kept high levels of protective antibodies for many months after stopping treatment. Some stayed virus‑free for years, but a few bounced back. The NAPs were generally safe, though one version caused hair loss and taste problems linked to local metal exposure.
Soeroto. Arto Yuwono AY; Suryadinata. Hendarsyah H; Yanto. Theo Audi TA; Hariyanto. Timotius Ivan TI
A meta‑analysis of eight studies suggests that adding thymosin‑alpha‑1 to standard care for moderate to critical COVID‑19 patients may cut the death rate by about 40%, but it doesn’t seem to change how long people stay in the hospital or whether they need a ventilator. The benefit appears stronger in larger studies and may differ between men and women. More high‑quality trials are still needed.
Simonova. Maria A MA; Ivanov. Igor I; Shoshina. Natalia S NS; Komyakova. Alina M AM; Makarov. Dmitry...
Thymosin alpha-1 is a natural peptide made by the thymus that can boost the aging immune system. Studies show it helps the body make more T‑cells, improves vaccine responses in older people, and reduces chronic inflammation. A new hybrid drug that combines it with TNF‑alpha looks promising but is still experimental.
Zhou. Lin L; Pan. Li-Chao LC; Zheng. Yong-Gen YG; Zhang. Xin-Xue XX; Liu. Zhi-Jia ZJ; Meng. Xuan X;...
In a rat liver‑cancer model, giving rapamycin together with the peptide thymosin‑alpha‑1 (thymalfasin) and a mushroom extract lowered harmful regulatory T‑cells, boosted anti‑tumor CD8 T‑cells, and lengthened survival, likely by dampening the AKT‑mTOR pathway. The work is pre‑clinical, so it shows a possible immune‑balancing effect but isn’t ready for direct human use.
He. Chao C; Peng. Wei W; Li. Chuan C; Wen. Tian-Fu TF
A study of 206 patients with small liver cancer who had surgery found that those who also received the peptide thymosin‑alpha‑1 (called thymalfasin) lived longer and had fewer cancer recurrences than those who had surgery alone.
Matteucci. Claudia C; Minutolo. Antonella A; Sinibaldi-Vallebona. Paola P; Palamara. Anna Teresa AT;...
The study examined how thymosin‑alpha‑1 changes gene activity in human immune cells grown in a lab. It found that the peptide switches on and off many genes, including several not previously linked to it, showing it can broadly influence both innate and adaptive immunity.
Mao. Hai-ying HY; Shi. Tong-dong TD
Adding the immune‑boosting peptide thymosin‑alpha‑1 to standard interferon treatment for people with HBeAg‑positive chronic hepatitis B makes the therapy work better, cutting the virus and improving liver health without extra side effects.
Garaci. Enrico E; Pica. Francesca F; Serafino. Annalucia A; Balestrieri. Emanuela E; Matteucci. Clau...
Thymosin‑alpha‑1 is a small protein that can boost the immune system by helping T‑cells and natural killer cells mature and work better, and it also makes cancer cells show more of their “flags” (MHC‑I and tumor antigens) so the immune system can spot them. The study is early‑stage and done in cell lines, so it doesn’t give dosing advice, but it hints that Tα1 might help the body’s own cancer‑fighting defenses.
Bai. Han H; Liang. Liyuan L; Qi. Xin X; Xu. Yao Y; Liu. Yijia Y; Ren. Doudou D; Cai. Zeqiong Z; Mao....
The study found that giving thymosin‑alpha‑1 (Tα1) to COVID‑19 patients and healthy people boosted certain immune cells (NKT cells) and increased the variety of T‑cell receptors, suggesting it can help the immune system fight the virus.