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Thymosin-alpha-1

Thymalfasin, Zadaxin, Thymosin α1

A synthetic 28-amino acid peptide that enhances immune function by modulating T-cell activity, used for viral infections and immunodeficiencies.

Quick Stats
Studies 759
Trials 63
Formula C129H215N33O55
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Utility 3
pubmed May 21, 2021

Thymosin alpha-1 therapy improves postoperative survival after curative resection for solitary hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma: A propensity score matching analysis.

Linye. He H; Zijing. Xia X; Wei. Peng P; Chao. He H; Chuan. Li L; Tianfu. Wen W

In patients who had surgery to remove a single liver tumor caused by hepatitis B, adding the immune‑boosting peptide thymosin‑alpha‑1 (Tα1) after the operation helped them live longer and reduced the chance the cancer would come back. The benefit was seen even after adjusting for other factors, and it didn’t change the virus levels, just the immune response.

Utility 3
pubmed Oct 9, 2020

Thymosin alpha 1 exerts beneficial extrapulmonary effects in cystic fibrosis.

Bellet. Marina M MM; Borghi. Monica M; Pariano. Marilena M; Renga. Giorgia G; Stincardini. Claudia C...

In mice that have cystic fibrosis or metabolic‑syndrome‑like gut problems, the natural peptide thymosin‑alpha‑1 helped fix leaky gut, calm inflammation, and protect the pancreas and liver. These effects were seen beyond the lungs, suggesting the peptide can act as a broad anti‑inflammatory agent in the body.

Utility 3
pubmed Jan 17, 2024

Role of thymosin α1 in restoring immune response in immunological nonresponders living with HIV.

Chen. Chaoyu C; Wang. Jiangrong J; Xun. Jingna J; Zhang. Xinyu X; Liu. Li L; Song. Zichen Z; Zhang....

A small study gave people with HIV who weren’t recovering their immune cells a peptide called thymosin‑alpha‑1 for six months. The treatment was safe and showed signs of boosting certain immune cells and lowering markers of immune exhaustion, although the overall CD4 count didn’t rise dramatically.

Utility 3
pubmed Oct 1, 2012

Thymosin α1 as a stimulatory agent of innate cell-mediated immune response.

Serafino. Annalucia A; Pierimarchi. Pasquale P; Pica. Francesca F; Andreola. Federica F; Gaziano. Ro...

Thymosin‑alpha‑1 is a small protein that can boost the activity of immune cells like macrophages, helping the body spot and kill germs, and it may help recover immune function after chemotherapy that weakens the bone marrow. The research is still early and mostly done in labs and animal models, so it isn’t a finished guide for everyday use yet.

Utility 3
pubmed Sep 1, 2008

Thymosin alpha1- and ulinastatin-based immunomodulatory strategy for sepsis arising from intra-abdominal infection due to carbapenem-resistant bacteria.

Zhang. Ying Y; Chen. Hao H; Li. Yu-min YM; Zheng. Shu-sen SS; Chen. Ya-gang YG; Li. Lan-juan LJ; Zho...

A small clinical trial found that adding thymosin‑alpha‑1 and ulinastatin to standard antibiotics helped patients with severe, drug‑resistant infections survive longer and showed better immune markers, but the study was limited and the treatment requires hospital‑level care.

Utility 3
pubmed May 1, 2010

Thymosin alpha1 to harness immunity to pathogens after haploidentical hematopoietic transplantation.

Perruccio. Katia K; Bonifazi. Pierluigi P; Topini. Fabiana F; Tosti. Antonella A; Bozza. Silvia S; A...

A tiny early‑stage trial gave thymosin‑alpha‑1 to patients who got a half‑matched stem‑cell transplant and found it was safe, didn’t trigger graft‑vs‑host disease, and seemed to boost several immune cells and their ability to fight infections.

Utility 3
pubmed Apr 24, 2009

From lab to bedside: emerging clinical applications of thymosin alpha 1.

Goldstein. Allan L AL; Goldstein. Adam L AL

Thymosin‑alpha‑1 is a synthetic peptide that boosts the immune system and is already approved in many countries for hepatitis B and C. New studies suggest it could also help with severe infections like sepsis, ARDS, TB, and even protect against chemotherapy side‑effects, but exact dosing and safety for everyday use aren’t defined yet.

Utility 3
pubmed Jan 17, 2013

The efficacy of thymosin alpha 1 for severe sepsis (ETASS): a multicenter, single-blind, randomized and controlled trial.

Wu. Jianfeng J; Zhou. Lixin L; Liu. Jiyun J; Ma. Gang G; Kou. Qiuye Q; He. Zhijie Z; Chen. Juan J; O...

In a Chinese hospital trial, adding the immune‑boosting peptide thymosin‑alpha‑1 to standard care for severe sepsis patients lowered the 28‑day death rate from 35% to 26% and improved a key immune marker, without serious side effects. The benefit was modest and just reached statistical significance, and the study only looked at very sick ICU patients, not healthy individuals.

Utility 3
pubmed Oct 1, 2012

Jack of all trades: thymosin α1 and its pleiotropy.

Romani. Luigina L; Moretti. Silvia S; Fallarino. Francesca F; Bozza. Silvia S; Ruggeri. Loredana L;...

Thymosin‑alpha‑1 is a synthetic 28‑amino‑acid peptide that can boost various parts of the immune system, like T‑cells and antibodies, and helps control inflammation. It’s been used as an add‑on treatment for infections, immune problems, and cancers, and early trials showed better survival after certain stem‑cell transplants. While the data are promising, the abstract doesn’t give dosing or safety details, so it’s more of a proof‑of‑concept for immune support rather than a ready‑to‑use protocol.

Utility 3
pubmed Jan 21, 2011

Separation and purification of Escherichia coli-expressed human thymosin-α1 using affinity chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography.

Zhang. Hong-Ying HY; Chen. Pei-Fu PF; Xu. Jia-Ming JM; Dai. Quan-Min QM; Xu. Feng F; Han. Qing-Wang...

Scientists figured out a reliable way to make and purify the peptide thymosin‑alpha‑1 using bacteria, a simple heat step, nickel‑affinity resin, and HPLC, ending up with more than 99% pure product.

Utility 3
pubmed Feb 28, 2013

Construction, expression, and characterization of thymosin alpha 1 tandem repeats in Escherichia coli.

Xue. Xiao-Chang XC; Yan. Zhen Z; Li. Wei-Na WN; Li. Meng M; Qin. Xin X; Zhang. Cun C; Hao. Qiang Q;...

Scientists made a version of the immune‑boosting peptide thymosin‑alpha‑1 that’s linked together in repeats and produced it in bacteria. This repeat form worked better at getting T‑cells to grow and increased a key immune receptor compared to the regular synthetic peptide.

Utility 3
pubmed Apr 8, 2009

RimJ is responsible for N(alpha)-acetylation of thymosin alpha1 in Escherichia coli.

Fang. Hongqing H; Zhang. Xu X; Shen. Lin L; Si. Xinxi X; Ren. Yuantao Y; Dai. Hongmei H; Li. Shulong...

Scientists discovered that a bacterial enzyme called RimJ adds an acetyl group to the immune‑boosting peptide thymosin‑alpha‑1 when it’s made in E. coli. If the rimJ gene is removed, the peptide stays unacetylated, but adding RimJ back (or co‑expressing it) makes the peptide fully acetylated, which is the natural form needed for its activity.

Utility 3
pubmed Apr 23, 2021

Efficacy Evaluation of Thymosin Alpha 1 in Non-severe Patients With COVID-19: A Retrospective Cohort Study Based on Propensity Score Matching.

Huang. ChenLu C; Fei. Ling L; Xu. Wei W; Li. WeiXia W; Xie. XuDong X; Li. Qiang Q; Chen. Liang L

In a study of people with mild COVID-19, adding thymosin‑alpha‑1 to standard care helped them clear the virus a few days faster and left the hospital sooner, but it didn’t stop the disease from getting worse or lower death rates.

Utility 3
pubmed Oct 14, 2025

Thymosin α1 alleviates pulpitis by inhibiting ferroptosis of dental pulp cells.

Wu. Jie J; Gong. Qimei Q; Liu. Wenxuan W; Chen. Aijia A; Liao. Zekai Z; Huang. Yihua Y; Jiang. Wenka...

The study shows that the peptide thymosin‑alpha‑1 can protect dental pulp cells from a type of cell death called ferroptosis, which helps reduce inflammation and tissue damage in tooth pulpitis. In lab‑grown cells and rat teeth, adding thymosin‑alpha‑1 boosted protective proteins (like GPX4) and lowered inflammatory markers, suggesting it could be a useful treatment for painful tooth pulp inflammation.

Utility 3
pubmed Mar 4, 2008

Reviews for APASL guidelines: immunomodulator therapy of chronic hepatitis B.

Piratvisuth. Teerha T

The study says the peptide thymosin‑alpha‑1 can boost the body’s fight against chronic hepatitis B, leading to better virus control over time. It works alongside interferon‑alpha treatments, which are also effective but have limits in people with severe liver disease. While promising for HBV patients, the findings don’t give a new dosing plan or broad health benefits for people without the virus.

Utility 3
pubmed Jun 1, 2023

Zoledronic acid and thymosin α1 elicit antitumor immunity against prostate cancer by enhancing tumor inflammation and cytotoxic T cells.

Wang. Sheng S; Huang. Maohua M; Chen. Minfeng M; Sun. Zhiting Z; Jiao. Yubo Y; Ye. Geni G; Pan. Jing...

A study found that adding the peptide thymosin‑alpha‑1 (Tα1) to the bone‑drug zoledronic acid (ZA) and standard hormone therapy (ADT) helped men with advanced prostate cancer by boosting immune activity against the tumor. The combo increased cancer‑killing T‑cells and reduced the tumor’s ability to suppress the immune system, leading to slower tumor growth in mice and better outcomes in a small patient review.

Utility 3
pubmed Nov 26, 2007

Comparison of the efficacy of thymosin alpha-1 and interferon alpha in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B: a meta-analysis.

Yang. Yong-Feng YF; Zhao. Wei W; Zhong. Yan-Dan YD; Yang. Yi-Jun YJ; Shen. Ling L; Zhang. Ning N; Hu...

A meta‑analysis of four small trials shows that thymosin‑alpha‑1 isn’t noticeably better than interferon‑alpha while you’re taking it, but six months after stopping treatment it leads to higher rates of viral suppression and liver‑enzyme normalization in chronic hepatitis B patients, especially those who are HBeAg‑negative.

Utility 3
pubmed May 10, 2007

Thymosin alpha1: an endogenous regulator of inflammation, immunity, and tolerance.

Romani. Luigina L; Bistoni. Francesco F; Montagnoli. Claudia C; Gaziano. Roberta R; Bozza. Silvia S;...

Thymosin‑alpha‑1 is a naturally made protein that helps steer the immune system, especially by teaching key immune cells called dendritic cells how to react to infections and keep the body from over‑reacting. In mouse studies it boosted antifungal and antiviral defenses and promoted tolerance that could protect against allergies or transplant rejection. While the findings are promising for immune health, they are still early‑stage and don’t give clear dosing or real‑world protocols for people to follow yet.