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Thymalfasin, Zadaxin, Thymosin α1
A synthetic 28-amino acid peptide that enhances immune function by modulating T-cell activity, used for viral infections and immunodeficiencies.
Fletcher. M M; Goldstein. A L AL
The paper shows that thymosin‑alpha‑1 can boost the number of IL‑2 receptors on immune cells, which might make IL‑2 therapies work better. It also reviews how IL‑2 drives T‑cell and B‑cell growth and its role in several diseases, but it doesn’t give dosing or safety details for everyday use.
Mamedov. M K MK; Safarova. S M SM; Dadasheva. A E AE
In lab tests and mouse experiments, the peptide thymosin‑alpha‑1 was able to stop herpes simplex virus from multiplying, working about as well as interferon and even better than the drug acyclovir at keeping mice alive.
Martins EB. Eduardo B. MD; Tuthill C. Cynthia PHD
Thymosin alpha-1 is a peptide that has been studied as a treatment aid for chronic hepatitis B and C infections and for liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma). The paper reviews how it works as a biological response modifier and summarizes clinical results showing some benefit, but it does not give detailed dosing protocols for self‑administration.
Malinda. K M KM; Sidhu. G S GS; Banaudha. K K KK; Gaddipati. J P JP; Maheshwari. R K RK; Goldstein....
The study shows that thymosin‑alpha‑1, a small peptide from the thymus, can boost the movement of blood‑vessel cells, help new blood vessels form, and speed up wound healing in lab dishes and in mice. It works when applied to the skin or given by injection.
Shurlygina. A V AV; Letiagin. A Iu AIu; Chesnokova. V M VM; Trufakin. V A VA
Giving thymosin‑alpha‑1 (as part of a drug called thymopthin) to mice changes the daily pattern of their stress hormone corticosterone. A morning dose raises the hormone level, while an evening dose lowers it compared to mice that got just saline. This shows that the timing of thymic hormone administration can shift the body's natural hormone rhythm.
Tao. Nana N; Xu. Xie X; Ying. Yuyuan Y; Hu. Shiyu S; Sun. Qingru Q; Lv. Guiyuan G; Gao. Jianli J
Thymosin‑alpha‑1 is a small protein that can boost the immune system by turning on several key receptors on immune cells, which helps the body fight viruses like hepatitis B, hepatitis C and HIV. The paper reviews how it works and where it’s been used, but it doesn’t give new dosing rules or strong proof of how well it works.
Nevo. Nadav N; Lee Goldstein. Adam A; Bar-David. Shoshi S; Abu-Abeid. Adam A; Dayan. Danit D; Lahat....
In a mouse study of colon‑cancer spread in the abdomen, heating chemotherapy (HIPEC) helped mice live longer and attracted more immune cells to the tumors. Adding the peptide thymosin‑alpha‑1 (Tα1) on top of HIPEC made the mice survive even longer, suggesting Tα1 can boost the immune response triggered by the treatment.
Shang. Weifeng W; Zhang. Bo B; Ren. Yali Y; Wang. Weina W; Zhou. Dengfeng D; Li. Yuanyuan Y
A big review looked at 9 studies with over 5,000 COVID‑19 patients and found that giving thymosin‑alpha‑1 didn’t lower death rates overall. Some smaller groups – older people, severe cases, or trials with few women – seemed to benefit, but the overall data are mixed and not strong enough to recommend it for most patients.
Wu. Jianfeng J; Pei. Fei F; Zhou. Lixin L; Li. Weiqin W; Sun. Renhua R; Li. Yimin Y; Wang. Zheng Z;...
A large Chinese phase‑3 trial gave thymosin‑α1 to adults with sepsis and found it did not lower the 28‑day death rate compared with placebo.
Manusama. Olivia O; Singh. Sajni S; Brooimans. Rik A RA; Wijkhuijs. Annemarie A; van der Ent. Marian...
The study found that people with a common immune deficiency (CVID) who are also depressed show immune cell changes similar to those seen in regular depression, like fewer naive CD4+ T cells and more naive CD8+ T cells. These patterns are linked to inflammation and may be driven by viruses like CMV. Researchers are testing thymosin‑alpha‑1, a peptide that can boost T‑cell function, as a possible treatment in a small early trial.
Wei. Yi-Ting YT; Wang. Xu-Ru XR; Yan. Chunguang C; Huang. Fang F; Zhang. Yunpeng Y; Liu. Xueming X;...
In mouse breast‑cancer studies, the immune‑boosting peptide thymosin‑alpha‑1 (Tα1) changed tumor‑associated macrophages from a tumor‑supporting (M2) state to a tumor‑fighting state after chemotherapy, making the chemo work better.
Tian. Yong Y; Yao. Jiaqi J; Ma. Yihan Y; Zhang. Pengcheng P; Zhou. Xiaofang X; Xie. Wenjie W; Tang....
Thymosin‑alpha‑1, a peptide that tweaks the immune system, was tested in five trials with 706 people who had severe pancreatitis. It boosted helpful CD4 T‑cells, improved the CD4/CD8 balance, cut C‑reactive protein when given at lower doses, and lowered the chance of infections outside the pancreas, though it didn’t shorten hospital stays.
Bersanelli. Melissa M; Giannarelli. Diana D; Leonetti. Alessandro A; Buti. Sebastiano S; Tiseo. Marc...
Researchers are planning a Phase II trial to see if the immune‑boosting peptide thymosin‑alpha‑1 can help cancer patients avoid severe COVID‑19, especially when vaccines may work less well in them. The study is still being set up, so there are no results yet, but it points to a possible future preventive strategy for vulnerable people.
Chen. Meiyu M; Jiang. Yu Y; Cai. Xiaohui X; Lu. Xuzhang X; Chao. Hongying H
A study in lab cells and mice found that adding the immune‑boosting peptide thymosin‑alpha‑1 to the chemotherapy drug gemcitabine cut the amount of Epstein‑Barr virus and slowed tumor growth more than either treatment alone. The combo also triggered cancer‑cell death pathways and blocked a growth‑signaling route, but it was tested only in cancer models, not in healthy people.
Wu. Li L; Luo. Pei-Pei PP; Tian. Yan-Hong YH; Chen. Lai-Yin LY; Zhang. Yan-Li YL
Adding thymosin‑alpha‑1 to standard TB drug treatment helped patients with both TB and diabetes clear the infection faster and improved several immune markers, without raising side‑effects. The benefits showed up after a year, not immediately, and the study was done in sick patients, not healthy volunteers.
Chen. Yan Y; Zhou. Lijuan L; Wang. Jing J; Gu. Tianhao T; Li. Shuqing S
Adding the immune‑boosting peptide thymosin‑alpha‑1 to the Chinese herbal drug Xuebijing helped patients with severe pneumonia and sepsis get better faster, showing lower fevers, heart rates, breathing rates, white‑blood‑cell counts and inflammatory markers like IL‑6, TNF‑α and CRP compared to Xuebijing alone.
Chen. Jun-Feng JF; Chen. Shu-Ru SR; Lei. Zi-Ying ZY; Cao. Hui-Juan HJ; Zhang. Shao-Quan SQ; Weng. We...
A clinical trial gave patients with severe hepatitis B‑related liver failure a daily injection of thymosin‑alpha‑1 for a week, then twice a week for three months. The treated group lived longer without needing a liver transplant and got fewer infections and brain‑related complications than those who only got standard care. The peptide was well‑tolerated, but the study focused on very sick liver patients, not healthy people.
Guo. Cheng-Lin CL; Mei. Jian-Dong JD; Jia. Yu-Long YL; Gan. Fan-Yi FY; Tang. Yu-Dong YD; Liu. Cheng-...
A study of over 5,000 lung‑cancer patients who had surgery found that adding the immune‑boosting peptide thymosin‑alpha‑1 (Tα1) after the operation helped more people stay cancer‑free and live longer, especially when the treatment lasted more than two years. The benefit was seen in most groups except those with squamous cell tumors or who were already on targeted drugs.
Tuthill. Cynthia W CW; Awad. Ahmed A; Parrigon. Mary M; Ershler. William B WB
A small pilot study gave dialysis patients a peptide called thymosin‑alpha‑1 (1.6 mg under the skin twice a week for 8 weeks) and tracked COVID‑19 outcomes. The group that got the peptide had fewer deaths (3 vs 7) and slightly fewer serious COVID‑19 events, but the numbers are tiny and most participants were also vaccinated. The trial is still ongoing, so full results aren’t in yet.
Huang. Xiaofei X; Mao. Wenjian W; Hu. Xingxing X; Qin. Fengxia F; Zhao. Hui H; Zhang. Aiping A; Wang...
In a study of people with severe pancreas inflammation, giving the immune‑boosting peptide thymosin‑alpha‑1 lowered the chance of getting a serious infection, but only in those who also had high blood sugar. It didn’t help patients without high blood sugar, and the research was done in a hospital setting, not as a routine supplement.