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Thymalfasin, Zadaxin, Thymosin α1
A synthetic 28-amino acid peptide that enhances immune function by modulating T-cell activity, used for viral infections and immunodeficiencies.
Li. Yan Y; Li. Chun Sheng CS
A hospital study of 526 severe sepsis patients found that adding the peptide thymosin‑alpha‑1 and human immunoglobulin to standard care (called "bundles") cut the time on a ventilator, shortened ICU stays, lowered disease severity scores, and reduced death rates by about 14% compared to bundles alone.
Lao. Xingzhen X; Li. Bin B; Liu. Meng M; Shen. Chen C; Yu. Tingting T; Gao. Xiangdong X; Zheng. Heng...
Scientists attached a tumor‑targeting tag (iRGD) to the immune‑boosting peptide thymosin‑alpha‑1, creating a new version that gets into breast cancer cells more easily and kills them better in lab dishes and mice, while still keeping its immune‑stimulating effects.
Dominari. Asimina A; Hathaway Iii. Donald D; Pandav. Krunal K; Matos. Wanessa W; Biswas. Sharmi S; R...
Thymosin alpha‑1 is a natural peptide that helps the immune system work better. It’s already used for people with weak immunity, some cancers, and to boost vaccine responses. The review says it might also help severe COVID‑19 patients by calming an over‑active immune response, but more research is needed.
Espinar-Buitrago. María de la Sierra MS; Magro-López. Esmeralda E; Vázquez-Alejo. Ele...
Scientists tested thymosin‑alpha‑1 together with special synthetic molecules called polyanionic carbosilane dendrimers on immune cells in a lab dish infected with cytomegalovirus. The combo boosted certain immune cells and reduced signs of aging in regulatory T cells, but the effects varied depending on the dendrimer type. The work is still early‑stage and done only in cells, not people.
Rubin. Bruce K BK
A study using cells from cystic fibrosis patients and mice showed that the peptide thymosin‑alpha‑1 can lower airway inflammation and help the faulty CFTR protein mature and reach the cell surface, improving its function. However, this work is still in the lab and has not been tested in people yet, so it’s not ready for personal use.
Bellet. Marina M MM; Renga. Giorgia G; Pariano. Marilena M; Stincardini. Claudia C; D'Onofrio. Fiore...
The paper reviews how thymosin alpha‑1, a natural peptide from the thymus, can help balance the immune system during lung infections like COVID‑19. It may boost immunity when it's weak or calm it down when it's overactive, making it a possible tool for treating serious respiratory bugs.
Navolotskaya. Elena V EV; Sadovnikov. Vladimir B VB; Lipkin. Valery M VM; Zav'yalov. Vladimir P VP
This lab study shows that the immune‑boosting peptide thymosin‑alpha‑1 can block a cholera toxin component from sticking to gut cells and that a short piece of the peptide (LKEKK) can raise nitric‑oxide levels in those cells. The work was done in cell cultures, not people, so it’s an early hint rather than a ready‑to‑use tip.
Li. Xin X; Liu. Lancong L; Yang. Yi Y; Yang. Xuefeng X; Wang. Cencen C; Li. Yan Y; Ge. Yanyan Y; Shi...
A small study in Wuhan gave the immune‑boosting peptide thymosin‑alpha‑1 to COVID‑19 patients and found that men and women responded differently: men showed higher inflammation markers (CRP, IL‑6) but lower pro‑calcitonin after treatment, and they reported more symptoms than women. The peptide appeared safe, but the gender‑specific effects suggest it may not work the same for everyone.
Freeley. Simon S; Cardone. John J; Günther. Sira C SC; West. Erin E EE; Reinheckel. Thomas T; W...
The study shows that the enzyme legumain (AEP) helps activate a chain that leads to IFN‑γ production in helper T cells, but blocking AEP cuts this response without harming cell health. It also finds that while AEP can process the peptide thymosin‑alpha‑1, this processing isn’t needed for the IFN‑γ boost, meaning thymosin‑alpha‑1 likely works via other routes.
Chen. Jing J; Li. Haibin H; Wang. Tao T; Sun. Shuyang S; Liu. Jia J; Chen. Jianhua J
Scientists made a version of the immune‑boosting peptide thymosin‑alpha‑1 that’s attached to a big protein (human serum albumin) and added a tiny chemical tag (N‑acetyl) using a bacterial enzyme. This tag keeps the peptide stable, and putting the peptide at the start of the fusion keeps its activity, unlike previous designs where it was at the end.
Navolotskaya. Elena V EV; Sadovnikov. Vladimir B VB; Zinchenko. Dmitry V DV; Lipkin. Valery M VM; Za...
The study shows that a protein from cholera (CT‑B) sticks tightly to immune cells, and that the immune‑boosting peptide thymosin‑alpha‑1 (and a short mimic peptide) can block this binding. Both the cholera protein and the short peptide also raise an enzyme activity (soluble guanylate cyclase) inside the cells, which could affect cell signaling.
Wang. Zhenyan Z; Chen. Jun J; Zhu. Cuiyun C; Liu. Li L; Qi. Tangkai T; Shen. Yinzhong Y; Zhang. Yuyi...
A study of 275 COVID‑19 patients found that giving thymosin‑alpha‑1 did not boost the drop in CD4+ or CD8+ T‑cells and actually made the virus take longer to clear, suggesting it isn’t helpful for COVID‑19 recovery.
Chen. Kuan-Hsuan KH; Wang. Sheng-Fan SF; Wang. Szu-Yu SY; Yang. Yi-Ping YP; Wang. Mong-Lien ML; Chio...
The paper is a broad review of drugs that might help treat COVID‑19, and it mentions thymosin‑alpha‑1 as one of several immune‑boosting agents, but it doesn’t give new trial results, dosing advice, or clear protocols for using it.
Wang. Ya-Dong YD; Wu. Ling-Ling LL; Ma. Lu-Yuan LY; Shang. Xiao-Bo XB; Li. Zi-Yue ZY; Wang. Wei W; S...
A 27‑year‑old woman with chronic active Epstein‑Barr virus infection developed a deadly combo of NK‑cell lymphoma and a severe immune reaction called HLH. Doctors tried antivirals, steroids, and thymosin‑alpha‑1, but the disease kept getting worse and she eventually died. The case shows that thymosin‑alpha‑1 alone isn’t enough to stop serious EBV‑related complications.
Sun. Qin Q; Xie. Jianfeng J; Zheng. Ruiqiang R; Li. Xuyan X; Chen. Hui H; Tong. Zhaohui Z; Du. Bin B...
In a large retrospective study of critically ill COVID‑19 patients, giving thymosin‑alpha‑1 did not lower the chance of dying within 28 days. After matching patients to balance other factors, mortality was almost the same whether they got the peptide or not. A tiny hint of benefit showed up only in men, but the effect was weak and not seen in any other groups.
Wei. Yiting Y; Zhang. Yunpeng Y; Li. Pengcheng P; Yan. Chunguang C; Wang. Lixin L
Thymosin-alpha-1 is a small protein that can boost both the innate and adaptive parts of the immune system. In cancer studies it has been shown to work well together with chemotherapy and may help reduce side‑effects of some newer immunotherapy drugs. However, the research is still focused on treating serious diseases, not everyday health or performance.
Espinar-Buitrago. M S MS; Vazquez-Alejo. E E; Magro-Lopez. E E; Tarancon-Diez. L L; Leal. M M; Mu&#x...
The study shows that thymosin‑alpha‑1 (Tα1) can boost the activity of dendritic cells and T‑cells in lab experiments that mimic cytomegalovirus infection, making the immune cells better at recognizing and fighting the virus.
Solmonese. Laura L; Lofiego. Maria Fortunata MF; Fazio. Carolina C; Marzani. Francesco F; Piazzini....
Thymosin‑alpha‑1 (Tα1) doesn't change cancer cells much, but it does tweak the activity of several immune cells, especially boosting the gene activity in activated CD8+ T cells, which are important for fighting tumors.
Elizondo-Riojas. Miguel-Angel MA; Chamow. Steven M SM; Tuthill. Cynthia W CW; Gorenstein. David G DG...
Scientists mapped the 3‑D shape of the 28‑amino‑acid peptide thymosin‑alpha‑1 and found it forms a stable helix in the middle part and two tight turns at the start. This tells us how the molecule folds, which can matter for how it works and how stable it is in the body.
Qiu. Shuang-Jian SJ; Zhou. Zhong-Guo ZG; Shen. Feng F; Li. Ai-Jun AJ; Chen. Min-Shan MS; Ying. Min-G...
This paper just outlines a big new trial that will test whether giving thymosin‑alpha‑1 (called thymalfasin) after liver cancer surgery can keep the cancer from coming back. It’s a plan, not results, and it tells us the dose they’ll use (1.6 mg twice a week for a year) and that they’ll look at 2‑year recurrence‑free survival and immune changes. For now it’s mostly a heads‑up that solid data may be coming, not a ready‑to‑use protocol.