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Thymalfasin, Zadaxin, Thymosin α1
A synthetic 28-amino acid peptide that enhances immune function by modulating T-cell activity, used for viral infections and immunodeficiencies.
Chien. R-N RN; Lin. C-Y CY; Yeh. C-T CT; Liaw. Y-F YF
This study looked at people with chronic hepatitis B and found that a peptide called thymosin‑alpha‑1 helped clear the virus better in patients who have genotype B virus or a certain precore mutation, especially when given for up to a year.
Loggi. E E; Gramenzi. A A; Margotti. M M; Cursaro. C C; Galli. S S; Vitale. G G; Grandini. E E; Scut...
The study looked at blood cells from people with chronic hepatitis B and found that the peptide thymosin‑alpha‑1 can boost an antiviral protein and, when mixed with interferon‑alpha, increase a helpful immune signal (IL‑2) while lowering a suppressive one (IL‑10). However, this was done in a lab dish, not in real patients, so it’s not a ready‑to‑use treatment plan.
Zhang. Ping P; Chan. Justin J; Dragoi. Ana-Maria AM; Gong. Xing X; Ivanov. Stanimir S; Li. Zhi-Wei Z...
The study shows that the peptide thymosin‑alpha‑1 activates a specific immune signaling pathway (TRAF6‑IKK‑NF‑κB) leading to increased IL‑6 production, but it doesn’t provide dosage or usage guidelines for humans.
Chadwick. D D; Pido-Lopez. J J; Pires. A A; Imami. N N; Gotch. F F; Villacian. J S JS; Ravindran. S...
In a small 12‑week study, HIV patients on stable therapy got thymosin‑alpha‑1 injections twice a week. The peptide was safe and caused no serious side effects, but it didn’t raise their CD4 or CD8 counts. It did raise a marker (sjTREC) that suggests the thymus might be making new T‑cells, though we don’t know if that translates into real health benefits yet.
Peng. Dan D; Xing. Hai-Yan HY; Li. Chen C; Wang. Xian-Feng XF; Hou. Min M; Li. Bin B; Chen. Jian-Hon...
Adding the immune‑boosting peptide thymosin‑alpha‑1 to the antiviral drug entecavir gave a slightly better short‑term response in Chinese patients with hepatitis‑B‑related cirrhosis, but the advantage disappeared after about a year and the overall safety profile was modestly better.
Liaw. Yun-Fan YF
Thymosin‑alpha‑1 (thymalfasin) is a peptide that can boost certain immune cells and might help people with chronic hepatitis B, especially when standard drugs don’t work well. Early studies combining it with interferon look promising, but details on dosing or real‑world use are still missing.
Peng. Xiao X; Zhang. Ping P; Wang. Xin X; Chan. Justin J; Zhu. Mingwei M; Jiang. Meisheng M; Tuthill...
Thymosin‑alpha‑1 (Tα1) activates immune cells called macrophages, causing them to release signaling proteins (IL‑6, IL‑10, IL‑12) through specific internal pathways (IKK and MAPK). The study shows that certain molecules (TRAF6, IRAK4, PKCζ) are needed for this activation, and blocking the p38 part of the pathway reduces IL‑6 production.
Shrivastava. P P; Singh. S M SM; Singh. N N
In mice with a T‑cell lymphoma, giving the peptide thymosin‑alpha‑1 woke up the tumor‑associated macrophages, making them produce more immune signals and kill cancer cells.
Chen. Pei Fu PF; Fu. Geng Feng GF; Zhang. Hong Ying HY; Xu. Gen Xing GX; Hou. Ya Yi YY
In a mouse study, delivering DNA that makes the body produce thymosin‑alpha‑1 and interferon‑omega together slowed liver tumor growth by about 43%, while each alone also helped a bit. The tumors showed signs of cell death, suggesting the proteins trigger apoptosis. However, the method used (gene‑carrying liposomes injected into the bloodstream) isn’t something you can do at home, and the results are only in mice.
Shen. Qiong Q; Tian. Ruiyang R; Ma. Wenzhe W; Yuan. Qinsheng Q; Gong. Yi Y
Scientists engineered a new protein that fuses thymosin‑alpha‑1 with a B‑cell growth factor, made it in bacteria, and purified it. The combined protein works at least as well as regular thymosin‑alpha‑1 and may boost immune activity a bit more, suggesting it could help with immune‑deficiency or improve vaccine responses, but it’s still a lab‑stage product.
Chen. Yuhui Y; Zhao. Lingxia L; Shen. Guoan G; Cui. Lijie L; Ren. Weiwei W; Zhang. Hui H; Qian. Hong...
Scientists made a version of the immune‑boosting peptide thymosin‑alpha‑1 by linking four copies together, put the gene into bacteria, and showed the bacteria could produce a soluble protein that still helped mouse immune cells grow. This shows it’s possible to produce the peptide in a lab setting, but it doesn’t give dosage or safety info for people.
Yu. Jiamin J; Wang. Qiang Q; Wang. Lijun L; Zong. Dan D; He. Xia X
A 48‑year‑old woman with advanced triple‑negative breast cancer, who had failed many standard treatments, got a big tumor shrinkage after a combo of radiation, a PD‑1 checkpoint inhibitor, GM‑CSF, and the peptide thymosin‑alpha‑1. The tumors shrank by about 70%‑80% and there were no serious blood‑related side effects, only a mild skin rash.
Shrivastava. Pratima P; Singh. Sukh Mahendra SM; Singh. Nisha N
In mice with a type of lymphoma, giving the peptide thymosin‑alpha‑1 helped immune cells called tumor‑associated macrophages turn into dendritic cells that were better at fighting the cancer. These new cells released more immune‑signaling molecules and, when transferred to other mice, slowed tumor growth and helped them live longer.
Huang. Yin Y; Chen. Zhi Z; Zhou. Cheng C; Yao. Hangping H; Li. Minwei M; Xu. Chenghuai C
The study shows that thymosin‑alpha‑1 can change mouse immune cells called dendritic cells, making them show more activation signals and less of an inflammatory molecule (IL‑12) when an inflammation signal (TNF‑alpha) is present, while still keeping their ability to activate T‑cells. However, this was done in a dish with mouse cells at high drug levels, so it doesn’t give clear guidance for human use yet.
Rustgi. Vinod K VK
Thymosin‑alpha1 (thymalfasin) added to the usual hepatitis C drugs (peginterferon‑alpha2a, sometimes ribavirin) helped patients who normally don’t respond well, especially those with genotype 1, high virus levels, or past treatment failures.
Yang. Zhenzhen Z; Guo. Jiacheng J; Cui. Kang K; Du. Yabing Y; Zhao. Huan H; Zhu. Lili L; Weng. Lanli...
Thymosin alpha‑1 (TA) can make certain immune cells that help tumors (called monocytic MDSCs) die more easily and stop them from moving into the tumor by lowering a growth factor (VEGF) that tumors use. This effect happens because TA reduces a protein (HIF‑1α) that normally boosts VEGF. The result is fewer tumor‑supporting cells in the cancer environment.
Gramenzi. A A; Cursaro. C C; Andreone. P P; Bernardi. M M
Thymosin‑alpha1 (Thymalfasin) is a peptide that can boost certain immune cells, especially the ones that fight viruses. Early studies suggest it might help treat chronic hepatitis B on its own and work better with interferon‑alpha for both hepatitis B and C, but bigger trials are still needed.
Sprengers. D D; Janssen. H L A HL
The paper explains that chronic hepatitis B sticks around because the body’s immune system can’t fully clear the virus, and that simply using antiviral pills often leads to resistance. It suggests that boosting the immune system with things like thymosin‑alpha‑1 or special vaccines might help the body fight the virus better, but the research is still early and mostly aimed at patients with chronic infection.
Hadden. John W JW
The study shows that adding thymosin‑alpha‑1 to a natural cytokine blend (IRX‑2) can boost certain immune cells in cancer patients and may help reverse age‑related shrinkage of the thymus in stressed mice, but the research is early‑stage, involves small groups, and doesn’t give clear dosing or safety guidance for healthy people.
Ademoglu. E E; Gökkuşu. C C; Oz. B B
In a rabbit study, giving the peptide thymosin‑alpha‑1 reduced harmful oxidative molecules in the blood and helped turn fatty plaques in arteries into safer fibrous tissue, hinting it might protect against heart disease. However, the work was done in animals, using injections, and we don’t yet know how it works in people.