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Thymosin-alpha-1

Thymalfasin, Zadaxin, Thymosin α1

A synthetic 28-amino acid peptide that enhances immune function by modulating T-cell activity, used for viral infections and immunodeficiencies.

Quick Stats
Studies 759
Trials 63
Formula C129H215N33O55
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pubmed 1983

Increased circulation of T lymphocytes bearing surface thymosin alpha 1 in patients with myasthenia gravis: effect of thymectomy.

Dalakas. M C MC; Rose. J W JW; Paul. J J; Engel. W K WK; McClure. J E JE; Goldstein. A L AL

The study found that people with active myasthenia gravis have more immune cells showing the protein thymosin‑alpha‑1 on their surface, and these levels go back to normal after the thymus is removed, suggesting the protein is linked to disease activity but not offering a direct health hack for most people.

pubmed 2009

[Clinicopathological characterization of prostatic small cell carcinoma: a case report and review of the literature].

Wei. Zhi-feng ZF; Xu. Hua H; Wang. Hai H; Wei. Wu W; Cheng. Wen W; Zhou. Wen-quan WQ; Ge. Jing-ping...

This paper describes a single case of a very aggressive form of prostate cancer that spread quickly and led to death within five months, even though the patient was given thymosin‑alpha‑1 to ease symptoms. The cancer didn’t respond to typical hormone or chemo treatments, and PSA levels weren’t helpful for diagnosis.

pubmed 2009

Hepatitis B virus genotypes: "clinical & therapeutic implications".

Khawaja. Rajab Ali RA; Khawaja. Asad Ali AA

The abstract reviews the different genetic types of hepatitis B virus, where they are found, how they affect disease, and how they respond to antiviral drugs. It does not discuss thymosin‑alpha‑1 or give any tips you could use for health‑hacking or performance improvement.

pubmed 2003

[Construction of shuttle expression vector and expression of thymosin alpha 1 in Synechococcus sp. PCC7942].

Zhang. Jun J; Qin. Yan Y; Ouyang. Qing Q; Xu. Hong H; Zhou. Ke Fu KF; Liu. Ren Hai RH; Lou. Shi Lin...

Scientists built a DNA tool to make the protein thymosin‑alpha‑1 inside a type of cyanobacteria and showed it can be produced at about 7.5% of the cell’s total protein after a heat‑shock step. This is a lab‑scale method for protein production, not a human‑use protocol.

pubmed 1997

Pathogenesis of breast carcinoma. Immunohistochemical study.

Zółtowska. A A

The study looked at breast cancer tissue and found that a protein called thymosin‑alpha‑1 is present in the tumors, but it was just an observation and didn’t test any treatments or health benefits.

pubmed 1987

Serum thymosin-alpha 1: lack of association between elevated levels and HIV infection.

Chen. S J SJ; Ko. H S HS

The study looked at blood levels of the peptide thymosin‑alpha‑1 in people at risk for AIDS and found that having HIV didn’t make these levels go up, and the levels didn’t change over time. It also noticed a difference between two groups (gay men vs. haemophiliacs) but didn’t explain why.

pubmed 1987

Structure, solubility and reactivity of peptides. A conformational study of two protected key intermediates from a large-scale synthesis of thymosin alpha 1.

Toniolo. C C; Bonora. G M GM; Heimer. E P EP; Felix. A M AM

The study examined how two pieces of the thymosin‑alpha‑1 peptide behave in different liquids, showing they can fold into random coils, beta‑structures, or an alpha‑helix (only the longer piece) and tend to clump together, which lowers their solubility. These findings are about the chemistry of making the peptide, not about how it works in the body or how to use it for health.

pubmed Aug 1, 1986

Elevated thymosin alpha I levels in Brazilian pemphigus foliaceus.

Roscoe. J T JT; Naylor. P H PH; Diaz. L A LA; Labib. R S RS; Patel. H P HP; Goldstein. A L AL; Sampa...

A study measured the amount of thymosin‑alpha‑1 in the blood of people with a rare skin disease called Brazilian pemphigus foliaceus and found that most of them had much higher levels than healthy people. This suggests the disease may involve the immune system differently from other skin conditions, but it doesn’t tell us how to use thymosin‑alpha‑1 for health or performance.

pubmed 1985

Immunologic abnormalities in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

Lane. H C HC; Fauci. A S AS

The abstract describes how AIDS weakens the immune system by destroying helper T cells, leading to many immune problems. It does not discuss thymosin‑alpha‑1 or any practical ways to boost immunity for healthy people or biohackers.

pubmed 1989

[Characteristics of secondary immunologic deficiency in children with chronic hepatitis B and the methods of its correction].

Gol'zand. I V IV; Egorov. V B VB; Popova. I A IA

The study looked at kids with chronic hepatitis B who had weak immune systems and tested a drug called thymalin. It found that many of these children had problems with immune cells and specific auto‑toxic reactions, and that thymalin helped some but not all cases, depending on the type of auto‑toxins present.

pubmed 1993

Tissue concentrations of prothymosin alpha: a novel proliferation index of primary breast cancer.

Dominguez. F F; Magdalena. C C; Cancio. E E; Roson. E E; Paredes. J J; Loidi. L L; Zalvide. J J; Fra...

Researchers measured a protein fragment called thymosin‑alpha‑1 (part of prothymosin‑alpha) in breast cancer tissue and found it was much higher than in normal breast tissue. Higher levels were linked to more lymph‑node spread, faster‑growing tumor cells, and later development of distant metastases.

pubmed 1984

The human thymic microenvironment: cortical thymic epithelium is an antigenically distinct region of the thymic microenvironment.

McFarland. E J EJ; Scearce. R M RM; Haynes. B F BF

This study maps where thymosin‑alpha‑1 naturally occurs inside the human thymus, showing it’s found in a specific part of the thymic lining (the cortical region) and that this area is different from the medullary region. It’s a basic science description and doesn’t give any tips on how to use thymosin‑alpha‑1 as a supplement or therapy.

pubmed 1985

Primary structure of rat thymus prothymosin alpha.

Haritos. A A AA; Blacher. R R; Stein. S S; Caldarella. J J; Horecker. B L BL

This study just maps out the exact amino‑acid sequence of a rat protein called prothymosin alpha and predicts its shape. It tells us that the first 28 building blocks match the known peptide thymosin‑alpha‑1, but it doesn’t test any health effects or give dosing advice.

pubmed Jan 1, 1983

Observations on N alpha-deacetylation of model amino acids and peptides: distribution and purification of a specific N-acyl amino acid releasing enzyme in rat brain.

Marks. N N; Lo. E S ES; Stern. F F; Danho. W W

The study describes a brain enzyme that breaks down tiny peptides with an acetyl group at the start, but it does not affect larger acetyl‑blocked peptides like thymosin‑alpha‑1. It mainly maps where the enzyme is found in rat brain and how it works on very short sequences.

pubmed 2000

[B domain mutations in the polymerase gene of hepatitis B virus during combination therapy with thymosin alpha1 and famciclovir in Chinese asymptomatic HBV carriers].

Hou. J J; Wang. Z Z; Sun. J J

In a study of Chinese people with silent hepatitis B, adding the peptide thymosin‑alpha‑1 to the antiviral drug famciclovir caused genetic changes in the virus that were linked to the virus bouncing back, while thymosin‑alpha‑1 alone did not cause these changes.