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Thymalfasin, Zadaxin, Thymosin α1
A synthetic 28-amino acid peptide that enhances immune function by modulating T-cell activity, used for viral infections and immunodeficiencies.
Yang. You-Feng YF; Yuan. Han-Ying HY; Liu. Nan-Song NS; Chen. Xiang-Ling XL; Gao. Bu-Yu BY; Lu. Hong...
Scientists made a combined protein that links interferon‑alpha2b and thymosin‑alpha1 using a short linker, produced it in yeast, and showed it works in lab tests, keeping both antiviral and immune‑boosting effects.
Wang. Yi Y; Wang. Keyu K; Liang. Jianhua J; Yang. Hong H; Dang. Ningning N; Yang. Xi X; Kong. Yi Y
Researchers looked at tiny gene‑regulating molecules (miRNAs) in blood cells from people with a skin‑color loss condition called vitiligo. They found a few miRNAs were higher or lower than normal, and that giving the immune‑boosting peptide thymosin‑alpha‑1 (Tα1) changed the pattern of these miRNAs. The study suggests Tα1 can influence immune‑related miRNAs, but it’s an early‑stage lab finding.
Traub. Frank F; Jost. Marco M; Hess. Rüdiger R; Schorn. Karl K; Menzel. Christoph C; Budde. Pet...
Researchers found that a small protein called thymosin‑alpha‑1 is higher in breast cancers that lack estrogen receptors and lower in those that have them, suggesting it could help identify the cancer type, but this doesn’t translate into a direct health‑boosting or anti‑cancer strategy for everyday use.
Rustgi. Vinod V
This study looks at adding thymosin‑alpha‑1 to standard pegylated interferon therapy for people with hepatitis C who didn’t respond to usual treatment. It’s still early – the trial is ongoing and no clear dosing or success numbers are given yet, so it’s not something you can apply right now.
Li. Hui-chun HC; Zheng. Lei-lei LL; Teng. Jian-rong JR; Shen. Mei-ya MY
The paper examined anxiety and depression in hospitalized patients and gave 30 cancer patients daily then every‑other‑day injections of thymosin‑alpha‑1, checking immune cells and quality of life, but it did not provide clear evidence that the peptide improves mood or overall health for non‑clinical use.
Ciancio. A A; Andreone. P P; Kaiser. S S; Mangia. A A; Milella. M M; Solà. R R; Pol. S S; Tsian...
Adding thymosin‑alpha‑1 to the old peginterferon‑ribavirin regimen for hard‑to‑cure hepatitis C didn’t improve overall cure rates, though a small subgroup who finished the full 48‑week course saw a modest boost. No extra side‑effects were seen, but the benefit is limited and the treatment itself is now outdated.
Mitani. M M; Kuwabara. Y Y; Kawamura. H H; Sato. A A; Hattori. K K; Fujii. Y Y
The study found that people with stomach cancer have higher levels of a protein fragment called thymosin‑alpha‑1 in their blood, especially if the cancer has spread to lymph nodes. This protein seems to rise when cells are dividing a lot, which happens in tumors.
Tijerina. M M; Gorospe. W C WC; Bowman. K L KL; Badamchian. M M; Goldstein. A L AL; Spangelo. B L BL
The study shows that a crude thymus extract (TF5) can make rat brain tumor cells release a lot of the inflammatory molecule IL‑6, but the pure peptide thymosin‑alpha‑1 does not have this effect. The active part seems to be in other fractions of the extract and works partly through protein kinase C.
Anfalova. T V TV; Galaktionov. V G VG; Brondz. B D BD
The study shows that the peptide thymosin‑alpha‑1 can temporarily turn active killer immune cells into a less active, suppressor‑like state, but only when used at high concentrations in a lab setting. This effect is reversible and was observed in mouse cells, not humans.
Ambrosch. A A; König. W W
The paper reviews hepatitis C virus traits and how they affect treatment, noting that combining interferon with ribavirin works better than interferon alone. It mentions thymosin‑alpha‑1 as a possible future immune‑boosting add‑on, but gives no data on its effects.
Eckert. K K; Schmitt. M M; Garbin. F F; Wahn. U U; Maurer. H R HR
The study tested thymosin‑alpha‑1 on immune cells from people with primary immunodeficiencies in a lab dish and found it could modestly boost a type of killer cell activity in a few patients, but the effect was small, inconsistent, and only shown in vitro.
Attia. W Y WY; Badamchian. M M; Goldstein. A L AL; Spangelo. B L BL
The study shows that a crude extract from bovine thymus (TF5) can make rat spleen cells produce a lot more of the immune signaling molecule IL‑6 in a lab dish, but the well‑known thymosin peptides (like Tα1) don’t do this, meaning something else in the extract is responsible. This was only seen in rat cells with a helper chemical and hasn’t been tested in people.
Mastino. A A; Favalli. C C; Grelli. S S; Rasi. G G; Pica. F F; Goldstein. A L AL; Garaci. E E
In a mouse study, giving thymosin‑alpha‑1 together with interleukin‑2 and a chemotherapy drug (cyclophosphamide) completely eliminated lung tumors, but the effect disappeared when immune cells were removed. This is an early‑stage cancer experiment in animals, not a human protocol.
Smith. M R MR
Prothymosin alpha is a protein found in many cells that seems to be linked to how quickly cells divide, but scientists still don’t know exactly what it does. The study shows it’s highly conserved and may work with the c‑myc growth pathway, yet there’s no clear way to use this information for health hacks right now.
Tsitsiloni. O E OE; Heimer. E E; Felix. A A; Yialouris. P P PP; Vamvoukakis. J J; Voelter. W W; Hari...
Scientists created blood‑test‑style assays to measure two related proteins, prothymosin‑alpha and parathymosin‑alpha, and found they’re much higher (about 14‑times) in breast cancer tissue than in nearby normal tissue. The work is about measuring these proteins, not about using thymosin‑alpha‑1 as a supplement.
Lao. Xingzhen X; Liu. Meng M; Chen. Jiao J; Zheng. Heng H
Scientists added a short tumor‑targeting sequence (iRGD) to the immune‑boosting peptide thymosin‑alpha‑1 and found that the new version sticks better to cancer cells and slows their growth in lab tests, while still helping immune cells multiply.
Gallego. R R; Rosón. E E; García-Caballero. T T; Fraga. M M; Forteza. J J; Domínguez....
This study simply maps where the body’s own version of thymosin‑alpha‑1 (called prothymosin‑alpha) is found in human and rat lymph nodes and tonsils, showing it’s mainly in actively dividing immune cells, but it doesn’t test taking the peptide as a supplement or give any dosing tips.
Vareli. K K; Tsolas. O O; Frangou-Lazaridis. M M
This study looked at a protein called prothymosin alpha, not the peptide thymosin‑alpha‑1 that many biohackers use. It found that prothymosin alpha builds up in the cell nucleus during the DNA‑making phase of cell division and is turned on by the E2F transcription factor, suggesting it helps cells decide when to divide.
Lopez. M M; Carpano. S S; Cavaliere. R R; Di Lauro. L L; Ameglio. F F; Vitelli. G G; Frasca. A M AM;...
The study tested thymosin‑alpha‑1 together with chemotherapy (DTIC) and interleukin‑2 in patients with advanced melanoma and found a modest response rate, but the regimen is complex, uses high‑dose drugs, and is aimed at cancer treatment, not general health or performance enhancement.
Abiko. T T; Sekino. H H
Researchers made two slightly altered versions of thymosin‑alpha‑1 and tested them on a specific immune cell problem in kidney‑failure patients. One version helped the cells recover better than the regular deacetyl‑thymosin‑alpha‑1, while the other did nothing.