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Thymosin-alpha-1

Thymalfasin, Zadaxin, Thymosin α1

A synthetic 28-amino acid peptide that enhances immune function by modulating T-cell activity, used for viral infections and immunodeficiencies.

Quick Stats
Studies 759
Trials 63
Formula C129H215N33O55
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Utility 1
pubmed Jun 12, 2025

The Synergistic and Attenuated Mechanism of Action of the Xihuang Pill in Dual Immunotherapy After Stenting for Advanced Cholangiocarcinoma: A Controlled Clinical Trial.

Wang. Peng P; Wang. Yu-Huan YH; Tao. Yun Y; Zheng. Xiang-Long XL; Wang. Wan-Chun WC

In a trial with 120 advanced bile‑duct cancer patients, adding a traditional Chinese medicine (Xihuang pill) to a combo of an immune‑checkpoint drug (tislelizumab) and the peptide thymosin‑alpha‑1 improved tumor response and lowered side‑effects compared to the drugs alone, but it didn’t significantly extend one‑year survival.

Utility 1
pubmed Dec 1, 2020

Covid-19-Associated Pulmonary Aspergillosis: The Other Side of the Coin.

Costantini. Claudio C; van de Veerdonk. Frank L FL; Romani. Luigina L

The paper explains that COVID‑19 can mess up the immune system, making people more likely to get a dangerous lung fungus called aspergillosis. It says fixing the immune imbalance might lower that risk, but it doesn’t give any concrete steps or data on using thymosin‑alpha‑1.

Utility 1
pubmed Aug 9, 2020

Selectively targeting key inflammatory pathways in cystic fibrosis.

Costantini. Claudio C; Puccetti. Matteo M; Pariano. Marilena M; Renga. Giorgia G; Stincardini. Claud...

The paper reviews how inflammation drives lung problems in cystic fibrosis and looks at drugs that might calm the immune system without making infections worse. It stresses that any anti‑inflammatory approach should be very selective, targeting the body’s own broken regulation pathways, but it doesn’t give specific dosing or protocols for people to try on their own.

Utility 1
pubmed Aug 24, 2021

Epigenetic Therapy Promotes the Ratio of Th1/Th17 Lineage to Reverse Immune Evasion and Treat Leukemia Relapse Post-allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation in Non-APL AML Patients.

Xi. Yang Y; Jingying. Dai D; Chenglong. Li L; Hong. Zheng Z; Rong. Zhang Z; Xiaodong. Wang W; Chunse...

The study gave leukemia patients a mix of two epigenetic drugs and the peptide thymosin‑alpha‑1 and found it was safe and helped many patients’ cancers go into remission, while also shifting their immune cells toward a Th1‑dominant profile. However, this was done in very sick patients after a stem‑cell transplant, not in healthy people, so the results don’t translate into a simple at‑home protocol.

Utility 1
pubmed May 31, 2018

Long-term follow up of metastatic melanoma patients treated with Thymosin alpha-1: investigating immune checkpoints synergy.

Danielli. Riccardo R; Cisternino. Filomena F; Giannarelli. Diana D; Calabrò. Luana L; Camerini....

A study looked at people with advanced skin cancer who got a peptide called thymosin‑alpha‑1 before receiving an immune‑boosting drug (ipilimumab). Those who got the peptide first lived much longer than those who didn’t, hinting the two might work better together. However, this was done in sick cancer patients under medical care, not healthy individuals.

Utility 1
pubmed May 23, 2015

Thymosin alpha 1 suppresses proliferation and induces apoptosis in breast cancer cells through PTEN-mediated inhibition of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway.

Guo. Yan Y; Chang. Hui H; Li. Jing J; Xu. Xin-yuan XY; Shen. Lan L; Yu. Zhi-bin ZB; Liu. Wen-chao WC

The study shows that the peptide thymosin‑alpha‑1 can kill breast cancer cells in a dish by boosting a tumor‑suppressor protein called PTEN, which then shuts down a growth‑promoting pathway (PI3K/Akt/mTOR). This effect only works well in cells that have functional PTEN, and the peptide triggers the cells' internal suicide mechanisms.

Utility 1
pubmed Feb 8, 2018

Thymosin α-1 does not correct F508del-CFTR in cystic fibrosis airway epithelia.

Tomati. Valeria V; Caci. Emanuela E; Ferrera. Loretta L; Pesce. Emanuela E; Sondo. Elvira E; Cholon....

The study shows that thymosin‑alpha‑1, a peptide some people think might help cystic fibrosis, does not improve the faulty CFTR protein or boost chloride channel activity in airway cells, though it might still reduce inflammation.

Utility 1
pubmed Dec 27, 2016

Effect of ulinastatin combined with thymosin alpha1 on sepsis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of Chinese and Indian patients.

Liu. Dadong D; Yu. Zongying Z; Yin. Jiangtao J; Chen. Yikun Y; Zhang. Hao H; Xin. Fan F; Fu. Haiyan...

A study of sick patients with sepsis found that adding the immune‑boosting peptide thymosin‑alpha‑1 to the drug ulinastatin lowered death rates and helped some clinical measures, but the research was done in critically ill hospital patients, not healthy individuals looking to improve longevity or performance.

Utility 1
pubmed Oct 27, 2015

Ulinastatin- and thymosin α1-based immunomodulatory strategy for sepsis: A meta-analysis.

Han. Dong D; Shang. Wenli W; Wang. Guizuo G; Sun. Li L; Zhang. Yingying Y; Wen. Hongxia H; Xu. Lingb...

A study combining two drugs, ulinastatin and thymosin‑alpha‑1, showed that seriously ill sepsis patients had lower death rates, less inflammation, and spent fewer days on a ventilator compared to a placebo. However, these results come from hospital‑based trials on very sick patients, not from healthy or performance‑focused individuals.

Utility 1
pubmed May 31, 2018

The effect of thymosin α1 for prevention of infection in patients with severe acute pancreatitis.

Yang. Na N; Ke. Lu L; Tong. Zhihui Z; Li. Weiqin W

A recent review looked at using the immune‑boosting peptide thymosin‑alpha‑1 to stop infections in people with severe acute pancreatitis, a serious condition where infection often kills patients. Early small studies suggest it might help, but the evidence is still weak and larger trials are needed.

Utility 1
pubmed Jun 22, 2015

High-resolution mass spectrometry for thymosins detection and characterization.

Cabras. Tiziana T; Iavarone. Federica F; Martelli. Claudia C; Delfino. Daniela D; Rossetti. Diana Va...

The study used high‑resolution mass spectrometry to map many natural variants and chemical modifications of thymosin peptides in tissues and fluids, but it didn’t test any health effects or dosing strategies.

Utility 1
pubmed Aug 8, 2018

Effect of a C-end rule modification on antitumor activity of thymosin α1.

Wang. Fanwen F; Xu. Caoying C; Peng. Renhao R; Li. Bin B; Shen. Xutong X; Zheng. Heng H; Lao. Xingzh...

Scientists added a short tag (RGDR) to the immune‑boosting peptide thymosin‑alpha‑1, creating a new version that homes in on tumors better. In mouse melanoma tests, this modified peptide slowed tumor growth more than the original, while still keeping similar immune‑system effects. The study is early‑stage and focused on cancer treatment, not everyday health hacks.

Utility 1
pubmed Jul 30, 2015

Effect of thymosin α₁ on the phenotypic and functional maturation of dendritic cells from children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

Li. Xuerong X; Liu. Xiaodan X; Zhao. Yanxia Y; Zhong. Ren R; Song. Aiqin A; Sun. Lirong L

In a lab study using blood cells from kids with leukemia, adding the peptide thymosin‑alpha‑1 helped the immune cells called dendritic cells look and act more mature and boosted their ability to direct killer T‑cells against cancer cells.

Utility 1
pubmed 2016

Ulinastatin and/or thymosin α1 for severe sepsis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Feng. Zhusheng Z; Shi. Quanxing Q; Fan. Yingnan Y; Wang. Qianmei Q; Yin. Wen W

This study looked at whether two drugs, ulinastatin and thymosin‑alpha‑1, help people with severe sepsis survive. It found that using both together lowered death rates at 28 and 90 days, while thymosin‑alpha‑1 alone only helped at 28 days. The evidence isn’t strong enough to change everyday health routines, and the drugs are only for serious hospital cases.

Utility 1
pubmed May 14, 2025

Effect of thymosin α1 on Immune response and organ function in acute aortic dissection surgery: PANDA II trial protocol.

Liu. Hong H; Qian. Si-Chong SC; Zhang. Ying-Yuan YY; Tang. Cheng-Bin CB; Yue. Hong-Hua HH; Fan. Guo-...

This abstract describes a planned clinical trial that will test whether giving the peptide thymosin‑alpha‑1 to patients after emergency surgery for a torn aorta can lower organ damage by calming the immune system. No results are available yet, so we don’t know if it works.

Utility 1
pubmed Mar 27, 2015

Immunogenicity in Swine of Orally Administered Recombinant Lactobacillus plantarum Expressing Classical Swine Fever Virus E2 Protein in Conjunction with Thymosin α-1 as an Adjuvant.

Xu. Yi-Gang YG; Guan. Xue-Ting XT; Liu. Zhong-Mei ZM; Tian. Chang-Yong CY; Cui. Li-Chun LC

Scientists made a friendly bacteria that makes a pig virus protein and gave it to pigs by mouth. Adding the immune‑boosting peptide thymosin‑alpha‑1 made the pigs’ immune response stronger than the bacteria alone. This shows the peptide can act as a vaccine helper, but the work was done in pigs, not people, and uses genetic engineering that isn’t practical for everyday use.

Utility 1
pubmed May 3, 2018

Gene cloning, expression and immune adjuvant properties of the recombinant fusion peptide Tα1-BLP on avian influenza inactivate virus vaccine.

Zhang. Cong C; Zhou. Jiangfei J; Cai. Kairui K; Zhang. Wufan W; Liao. Chengshui C; Wang. Chen C

Scientists made a new protein that mixes thymosin‑alpha‑1 with another peptide and used it to boost a flu vaccine in chickens. It helped the birds make more antibodies and fight off the virus better, but the work was done in birds, not people.

Utility 1
pubmed Nov 13, 2019

High yield expression, characterization, and biological activity of IFNα2-Tα1 fusion protein.

Aslam. Muhammad Shahbaz MS; Gull. Iram I; Mahmood. Malik Siddique MS; Iqbal. Muhammad Mudassir MM; A...

Researchers made a combined protein that joins interferon‑alpha2 and thymosin‑alpha1, showed they could produce it in bacteria at high levels, and found it kills cancer cells better than interferon alone, but the work is all lab‑based and doesn’t give any dosing or safety info for people to use.

Utility 1
pubmed Jun 12, 2015

Prokaryotic-expressed porcine IFNα1-THYα1 fusion proteins exert IFN and THY activities in vitro.

Wang. Nan N; Liu. Songcai S; Shi. Hui H; Zhang. Peng P; Cheng. Yunyun Y; Su. Dan D; Lu. Chao C; Yu....

Scientists built a pig interferon‑alpha1 and thymosin‑alpha1 fusion protein in bacteria and showed it works in lab tests, but the work is purely in vitro and uses animal proteins, so it doesn’t give any direct guidance for people who want to use thymosin‑alpha1 for health or performance.