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Thymalfasin, Zadaxin, Thymosin α1
A synthetic 28-amino acid peptide that enhances immune function by modulating T-cell activity, used for viral infections and immunodeficiencies.
Chen. Feng F; Chen. Xiang-Ming XM; Chen. Zhi Z; Jiang. Han-Liang HL; Pan. Xiao-Ping XP; Hu. Zhong-Ro...
Scientists engineered yeast to make the immune‑boosting peptide thymosin‑alpha‑1 and fed the dried yeast to mice with a weakened immune system. The yeast‑produced peptide raised the mice's CD8+ T‑cell numbers, similar to a lab‑made peptide, showing it works when taken orally in this animal model.
Shuqun. Cheng C; Mengchao. Wu W; Han. Chen C; Feng. Shen S; Jiahe. Yang Y; Wenming. Cong C; Zhengfen...
In a small study of 33 liver‑cancer patients with active hepatitis B, those who got the antiviral drug lamivudine plus the immune‑boosting peptide thymosin‑alpha‑1 after surgery showed much better virus control, higher rates of a key antibody change, a slightly longer time before the cancer came back, and a modest increase in survival compared with surgery alone.
Chen. Pei-Fu PF; Zhang. Hong-Ying HY; Fu. Geng-Feng GF; Xu. Gen-Xing GX; Hou. Ya-Yi YY
Scientists figured out a way to make a lot of the peptide thymosin‑alpha‑1 in common lab bacteria (E. coli) using a specific DNA construct, getting it mostly in a soluble form and purifying it to high purity. This shows a practical recipe for producing the peptide in bulk, though it still needs standard molecular‑biology tools.
Zhu. Yan Y; Lu. Ying Y; Zhong. Yan-qiang YQ
Scientists made tiny PLGA beads that slowly release the immune‑boosting peptide thymosin‑alpha‑1 over about a month. They showed the beads keep most of the peptide active and improve immune markers in rats with weak immune systems. While it’s still an animal study and not a ready‑to‑use product, it proves the concept of a long‑acting Tα1 injection.
Sodhi. Ajit A; Paul. Saki S
The study shows that the peptide thymosin‑alpha‑1 can turn on a specific cell‑signaling pathway (p42/44 MAPK) in mouse immune cells, which then makes those cells produce nitric oxide and TNF‑alpha – chemicals that help kill tumor cells. The effect depends on the dose and happens quickly, and it can be blocked by known pathway inhibitors.
Lin. Hong-yuan HY
In a large trial of seriously ill sepsis patients, giving a higher dose of the immune‑boosting peptide thymosin‑alpha‑1 together with the anti‑inflammatory drug ulinastatin for a week cut death rates and improved health scores, while the standard dose showed no benefit. The benefit seemed to depend on using a double dose (about 3 mg daily).
Lu. Nian-Fang NF; Huang. Ai-Long AL; Zheng. Rui-Qiang RQ; Zhu. Ya-Bin YB; Xia. Zhong-Fang ZF; Tang....
In lab tests, a fused protein that links thymosin‑alpha‑1 to interferon‑alpha (TA1‑IFN) shut down hepatitis B markers more strongly than taking the two peptides separately, and it was also gentler on the cells. The biggest effect was seen at the highest dose tested, cutting surface antigen levels by about 72% and e‑antigen by about 60%, while keeping about 85% of the cells alive. The separate mix only cut the markers by roughly 40% and killed more cells.
Billich. Andreas A
Thymosin‑alpha‑1 is a lab‑made 28‑amino‑acid peptide that mainly boosts the immune system and has been approved in many countries to treat chronic hepatitis B and C. It also appears to help reduce the blood‑related side effects of some chemotherapy drugs and is being tested for several cancers, but most of the data are about regulatory status rather than detailed dosing or real‑world use. For DIY health enthusiasts, the peptide shows promise for immune support, yet practical dosing guidelines and safety data are limited.
Pica. F F; Fraschetti. M M; Matteucci. C C; Tuthill. C C; Rasi. G G
In mice with melanoma, giving a much higher dose of the immune‑boosting peptide thymosin‑alpha‑1 (up to 6000 µg/kg) alongside chemotherapy and interferon made tumors shrink faster, delayed relapse, and even cured about a quarter of the animals, likely by revving up the immune system.
Bodey. B B; Bodey. B B; Siegel. S E SE; Kaiser. H E HE
The study shows that the thymus shrinks with age, and this shrinkage is linked to lower zinc levels and early drops in thymosin‑alpha‑1. While it doesn’t test thymosin‑alpha‑1 itself, it suggests that keeping zinc levels up might slow thymus aging and help maintain natural thymosin‑alpha‑1 production, which could support immune health.
Komarcević. A A
The abstract explains that wound healing involves inflammation, growth, and remodeling, and that many growth factors speed this up. It mentions thymosin‑alpha‑1, a peptide from the thymus, as a strong attractant for cells that can boost new blood‑vessel formation and speed up wound repair, though it doesn’t give dosing or detailed human trial data.
Arsenijević. S S; Zivanović. A A; Jevremović. M M; Ristić. P P; Kastratovi&#...
A study found that adding a complete thymic extract (which contains thymosin‑alpha‑1) to low‑motility sperm samples in the lab, or giving it as a 150 mg daily intramuscular shot for a week, boosted both total and progressive sperm movement. The improvements were statistically significant, but the research involved only a small number of samples and volunteers, so the results are preliminary.
Mutchnick. M G MG; Appelman. H D HD; Chung. H T HT; Aragona. E E; Gupta. T P TP; Cummings. G D GD; W...
In a tiny study of 12 people with chronic hepatitis B, giving thymosin‑alpha‑1 (or a related mix) twice a week for six months helped most treated patients lower liver enzymes and clear the virus from their blood, while the placebo group saw little change. The treatment also boosted immune cell counts and interferon‑gamma production, with no serious side effects, and the benefits lasted for about two years after stopping the drug.
Rasi. G G; Mutchnick. M G MG; Di Virgilio. D D; Sinibaldi-Vallebona. P P; Pierimarchi. P P; Colella....
A small open‑label trial gave people with chronic hepatitis B a combo of low‑dose interferon‑alpha and thymosin‑alpha‑1 injections. About 60% cleared the virus from their blood, many normalised liver enzymes, and some even lost the surface antigen, all without serious side effects. The results look promising but need larger, controlled studies.
Naylor. P H PH; Oates. K K KK; Coss. M C MC; Erdos. M R MR; Naylor. C W CW; Goldstein. A L AL
The study shows that the natural, active form of thymosin‑alpha‑1 (Tα1) is the main version circulating in healthy blood and comes from the thymus and immune cells, while cancer cells release a different, smaller version. Radiation reduces Tα1 levels, suggesting a radiation‑sensitive source, but removing the thymus does not.
Colarian. J J; Sethi. A A; Merchant. A A; Parikh. N N; Mutchnick. M M
The study shows that the peptide thymosin‑alpha‑1 can make immune cells multiply more, and it does this through a different route than the body’s prostaglandin E2 system. This means its immune‑boosting effect isn’t stopped by prostaglandin E2, unlike some other compounds.
Hadden. J W JW; Saha. A A; Sosa. M M; Hadden. E M EM
In old mice whose immune systems were weakened by a steroid, giving them the peptide thymosin‑alpha‑1 (Tα1) – especially together with a mix of natural cytokines – helped their T‑cells bounce back. The treatment boosted the number and activity of both CD4 and CD8 T‑cells in the spleen, although it didn’t affect the thymus size.
Serrate. S A SA; Schulof. R S RS; Leondaridis. L L; Goldstein. A L AL; Sztein. M B MB
The study shows that thymosin‑alpha‑1, a peptide derived from thymic hormones, can boost the activity of natural killer (NK) cells and increase production of immune signaling molecules like IL‑2 and interferon‑γ in lab‑grown human immune cells, suggesting it may help enhance immune function.
Low. T L TL; Goldstein. A L AL
The study shows that thymosin‑alpha‑1, a small protein from the thymus, can boost immune function by fixing T‑cell problems seen in both animals and people. It’s been tested in kids with weak immune systems, people with autoimmune diseases, and cancer patients, and early clinical trials from the National Cancer Institute look promising, but exact dosing and long‑term effects aren’t clear yet.
Schulof. R S RS; Lloyd. M J MJ; Cleary. P A PA; Palaszynski. S R SR; Mai. D A DA; Cox. J W JW; Alaba...
In a small study of lung‑cancer patients who had just finished radiation, giving the synthetic peptide thymosin‑alpha‑1 helped their immune system bounce back faster and was linked to better survival, especially when given in a specific dosing schedule.