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Thymalfasin, Zadaxin, Thymosin α1
A synthetic 28-amino acid peptide that enhances immune function by modulating T-cell activity, used for viral infections and immunodeficiencies.
Garaci. Enrico E
Thymosin alpha‑1 is a peptide that can boost the immune system by increasing important immune markers and helping the body fight infections and tumors, especially when used with other immune‑boosting drugs. Early human trials in hepatitis C and cancer look promising, but exact dosing and protocols aren’t settled yet.
You. Jing J; Zhuang. Lin L; Cheng. Hong-Ying HY; Yan. Shou-Ming SM; Qiao. Yan-Wei YW; Huang. Jun-Hua...
In a Chinese trial, giving thymosin‑alpha‑1 (1.6 mg under the skin twice a week for six months) helped about 42% of anti‑HBe‑positive chronic hepatitis B patients clear the virus and normalize liver enzymes, similar to interferon but with far fewer side‑effects. The drug worked more slowly, often showing delayed viral suppression after treatment ended, and was well tolerated.
Ershler. William B WB; Gravenstein. Stefan S; Geloo. Zeba S ZS
The paper says older people don’t respond as well to flu shots, and adding the peptide thymosin‑alpha‑1 (Tα1) might boost that response, as shown in some animal and early human studies, but more research is needed before it becomes a standard practice.
Bozza. Silvia S; Gaziano. Roberta R; Bonifazi. Pierluigi P; Zelante. Teresa T; Pitzurra. Lucia L; Mo...
In mice, the natural peptide thymosin‑alpha‑1 helped the immune system spot and fight a virus similar to human cytomegalovirus by turning on a specific sensor (TLR9) and boosting interferon signals, which reduced infection severity.
Garaci. Enrico E; Favalli. Cartesio C; Pica. Francesca F; Sinibaldi Vallebona. Paola P; Palamara. An...
The paper shows that thymosin‑alpha‑1 can boost the immune system, especially when paired with interferon or chemotherapy, and has helped patients with certain cancers and hepatitis in early trials. It works by activating dendritic cells and increasing antigen presentation, and lower doses may reduce side‑effects, but most data involve medical settings rather than everyday use.
Romani. Luigina L; Bistoni. Francesco F; Perruccio. Katia K; Montagnoli. Claudia C; Gaziano. Roberta...
Thymosin‑alpha‑1 (Tα1) can train immune cells called dendritic cells to both boost anti‑fungal defenses and keep inflammation in check by turning on a pathway that breaks down tryptophan, leading to more anti‑inflammatory signals and regulatory T cells. This dual action may help balance immune activation and tolerance.
Shehadeh. Fadi F; Benitez. Gregorio G; Mylona. Evangelia K EK; Tran. Quynh-Lam QL; Tsikala-Vafea. Ma...
A small pilot study gave hospitalized COVID‑19 patients a synthetic version of the immune‑boosting peptide thymosin‑alpha‑1 and compared them to standard care. The treated group showed a faster rise in CD4+ T‑cell numbers, but there was no clear improvement in overall recovery rates, and serious side effects were rare and unrelated to the peptide.
Liu. Qingfeng Q; Zhang. He H; Zhou. Guichen G; Xie. Shaobo S; Zou. Hao H; Yu. Yuan Y; Li. Guodong G;...
Scientists created a tiny biodegradable implant that slowly releases the immune‑boosting peptide thymosin‑alpha‑1 over about a month. In rats the implant showed a low initial burst, steady release for 28 days, matched lab tests, and improved immune organ size without toxicity.
Naylor. Paul H PH; Quadrini. Karen K; Garaci. Enrico E; Rasi. Guido G; Hadden. John W JW
Thymosin alpha‑1 is a tiny protein that can boost the body's cellular immune response, especially when the immune system is weakened by things like chemotherapy, radiation, cancer, or aging. In mouse studies it worked better when combined with a mix of cytokines, improving survival of tumor‑bearing mice more than the cytokines alone. This suggests that pairing thymosin alpha‑1 with other immune‑activating agents might help restore immune function in stressed or older bodies, but human data and exact dosing are still lacking.
Hadden. J W JW; Verastegui. E E; Hadden. E E
A tiny study (7 patients) found that taking thymosin‑alpha‑1 (about 1.6 mg daily) together with a cytokine blend called IRX‑2 for 10 days dramatically raised T‑cell counts, and the boost lasted for weeks without major side effects, but the effect was seen only in people with very low immune cells and IRX‑2 isn’t easy to get.
Wang. Bing B; He. Fan F; Lin. Yu Y; Huang. Min M; Zhou. Shu-Feng SF
Researchers tested thymosin‑alpha‑1 in rats and found it can change the activity of several liver enzymes that break down drugs. In test‑tube experiments it blocked one enzyme (CYP2E1), while in live rats it actually boosted that enzyme and a few others after two weeks of daily injections. This suggests the peptide might affect how other medicines are processed, but we don’t yet know if the same happens in people.
Qie. Jiankun J; Ma. Jinbo J; Wang. Liangyou L; Xu. Xiaoyu X; Zheng. Jianquan J; Dong. Sijian S; Xie....
Scientists attached a single PEG molecule to different parts of the peptide thymosin‑alpha‑1 and found that where the PEG is placed changes the peptide’s shape and how long it stays in the body, but it doesn’t really affect its immune‑boosting activity.
Ji. S-M SM; Li. L-S LS; Sun. Q-Q QQ; Chen. J-S JS; Sha. G-Z GZ; Liu. Z-H ZH
In a small study of kidney‑transplant patients who got a serious CMV infection and lung trouble, adding the peptide thymosin‑alpha‑1 (1.6 mg under the skin every 1‑2 days) helped more people survive and boosted their key immune cells (CD4 and CD8 T‑cells).
Chen. Xiang-Ming XM; Jiang. Han-Liang HL; Zhou. Lin-Fu LF; Pan. Xiao-Ping XP; Hu. Zhong-Rong ZR; Liu...
In mice, feeding dried yeast that makes the immune‑boosting peptide thymosin‑alpha‑1 (Tα1) raised the number of CD8 + T‑cells, especially in animals whose immune systems were weakened, showing that oral Tα1 can have a real immunomodulatory effect, though this is an animal study and not yet proven in people.
Yang. Yun-mei YM; Lu. Xue-ying XY; Huang. Wei-dong WD; Shen. Mei-ya MY
A small study gave 30 older cancer patients a daily injection of thymosin‑alpha‑1 (1.6 mg) for a month, then every other day for another month. The treatment raised their helper T‑cell numbers, boosted natural killer cell activity, and made them feel better, with no reported side effects.
Vemuri. S S
The study compared four ways to measure how much thymosin‑alpha‑1 is in a sample and found that the elemental (CHN) analysis is the most consistent, giving less than 2% variation. Other methods like amino‑acid analysis and HPLC gave mixed results depending on the lab, while the Kjeldahl method was also evaluated but not highlighted as best. For anyone making or checking their own thymosin‑alpha‑1 doses, using CHN analysis will give the most reliable potency numbers.
Sjogren. Maria H MH
Thymalfasin (thymosin‑alpha‑1) is a peptide that can boost the body’s Th1 immune response and help T‑cells mature, which may improve how the immune system fights viruses and some cancers. The research shows it helped animals with hepatitis, flu, melanoma and colon cancer, and it’s been tested in people with chronic hepatitis B/C, AIDS and weak immune systems, but clear dosing guidelines for everyday use aren’t provided.
Rasi. G G; Pierimarchi. P P; Sinibaldi Vallebona. P P; Colella. F F; Garaci. E E
The paper reviews how adding the immune‑boosting peptide thymosin‑alpha‑1 to standard hepatitis B or C treatments might improve virus clearance and lower liver cancer risk, but it’s mostly a discussion of existing data, not a new trial with clear dosing instructions.
Chien. Rong-Nan RN; Liaw. Yun-Fan YF
Thymosin‑alpha‑1 (thymalfasin) taken at 1.6 mg twice a week for six months can boost the body’s immune response against chronic hepatitis B, leading to higher rates of long‑term virus control compared to no treatment. The antiviral effect often shows up after the course ends, and combining it with interferon or standard antivirals may work even better, though larger trials are still pending.
Ancell. C D CD; Phipps. J J; Young. L L
Thymosin alpha‑1 is a synthetic peptide that boosts T‑cell activity and is being tested for viral hepatitis and some cancers. It’s taken by subcutaneous injection (about 1.6 mg twice a week) and is generally well‑tolerated, with only mild injection‑site irritation. Clinical trials show mixed results – it helped clear hepatitis B and C virus in some studies, especially when combined with interferon, but not in others, and its impact on long‑term health outcomes is still unknown.