Mallouki. Ben Yamine BY; Boukhzar. Loubna L; Dumont. Ludovic L; Abgrall. Azénor A; Gras. Marjor...
Reproductive disorders can result from a defective action of the neuropeptide gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), the master regulator of reproduction. We have previously shown that SELENOT, a newly-described thioredoxin-like selenoprotein highly expressed in endocrine and neuroendocrine cells, plays a role in hormone secretion and neuroprotection. However, whether SELENOT is involved in neuro-endocrine regulations in vivo is totally unknown. We found that SELENOT deficiency in the brain impaired sexual behavior, leading to a decline in fertility in both male and female mice. Biochemical and histological analyses of the gonadotrope axis of these mice revealed a higher expression of GnRH, which is associated with circulating luteinizing hormone (LH) excess, and elevated steroid hormones in males and a polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)-like phenotype in females. In addition, SELENOT deficiency impaired LH pulse secretion in both male and female mice. These alterations are reverted after administration of a GnRH antagonist. Together, our data demonstrate for the first time the role of a selenoprotein in the central control of sexual behavior and reproduction, and identify a new redox effector of GnRH neuron activity impacting both male and female reproductive function.
Ben-Aharon. Irit I; Goshen-Lago. Tal T; Puccini. Alberto A; Alsina. Maria M; Arnold. Dirk D; van Laa...
This study surveyed European gastrointestinal cancer doctors about how they talk to young patients about fertility and which preservation methods they use. It found wide differences in practice, with many doctors not consistently offering options like sperm banking, egg freezing, or hormone treatments.
Burato. Samir S; Dias. Nicholas Wege NW; Pancini. Stefania S; Melo-Gonçalves. Lucas L; Walker....
The study tested a breeding schedule in beef cows that used a GnRH hormone and a progesterone device early after giving birth. It found that this early‑resynchronization approach actually lowered pregnancy rates and delayed calving compared with letting cows breed naturally later on.
Liu. Wencong W; Liu. Zhenyu Z; Song. Liangdong L; Zhu. Huixuan H; Luo. Yu Y; Zhang. Jindong J; Su. S...
Regarding the comparison of cardiovascular disease risk between gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonists and GnRH agonists, there are discrepancies in results from different studies. Therefore, this meta-analysis was conducted to investigate whether degarelix could reduce cardiovascular disease risk.
We systematically searched the PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases with a search time limit of up to December 2023 for articles focusing on the use of degarelix, a GnRH antagonist, in prostate cancer, with an emphasis on articles comparing degarelix to GnRH agonists. Study endpoints included major adverse cardiovascular events, stroke, all-cause mortality, myocardial infarction, heart failure, and arrhythmia.
A total of 1320 articles were retrieved, of which eight met our inclusion criteria and involved 138-065 patients. The pooled results showed no difference in the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (hazard ratio [HR]=0.94, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.65-1.35; P=0.73), stroke (HR=0.89, 95% CI: 0.62-1.27; P=0.52), myocardial infarction (HR=0.98, 95% CI: 0.70-1.37; P=0.91), all-cause mortality (HR=1.09, 95% CI: 0.73-1.65; P=0.67), and arrhythmia (risk ratio=0.64, 95% CI: 0.15-2.76; P=0.55) between degarelix and GnRH agonists. However, degarelix reduced the risk of heart failure (HR=0.56, 95% CI: 0.36-0.88; P=0.01).
Further clarification on the effects of different androgen deprivation therapy modalities on cardiovascular disease is needed from future and larger prospective randomized controlled trials.
Nambu. Hitomi H; Shirafuji. Aya A; Tsuyoshi. Hideaki H; Orisaka. Makoto M; Yoshida. Yoshio Y
A 40‑year‑old woman’s uterine fibroid grew huge during pregnancy, got infected after birth, and had to be removed by a hysterectomy. The case mentions that a GnRH antagonist was used before the fibroid was expelled, but the report is just a single medical case and does not give any advice that can be applied to health‑hacking or longevity.
Choi. Rihwa R; Chun. Gayoung G; Cho. Sung-Eun SE; Lee. Sang Gon SG
Researchers looked at Korean kids to see if blood levels of IGF‑1 and IGFBP‑3 could help spot early puberty without the usual hormone‑challenge test. While these markers alone weren’t very strong, putting them into a statistical model improved the test’s accuracy, especially when using sex‑specific reference ranges.
Huang. Meixia M; Wang. Jie J; Ye. Yonghua Y; Chen. Wenjia W; Ai. Xinyao X; Chen. Xi X; Wang. Yinghao...
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Paspali. Elpiniki E; Ferro. Valerie Anne VA; Kubiak-Ossowska. Karina K; Mulheran. Paul Alexander PA
Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) regulates the mammalian reproductive system by binding to its receptor (GnRH1R) and is a target for treating reproductive hormone-dependent disorders and cancers. While the inactive structure of GnRH1R is known, the active conformation and GnRH binding mode that lead to receptor activation are not fully understood. The mechanism of GnRH-induced receptor activation remains poorly understood due to the absence of experimental structures of the active GnRH1R-GnRH complex. To address this gap, we employed computational docking simulations using Rosetta, coupled with a custom Python-based elimination protocol, to identify near-native binding poses. This approach yielded two top-ranked candidates, ROS-1 and ROS-2. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed that ROS-1 induced GnRH1R activation within 1.0 μs, characterised by a ≈ 4 Å outward shift of the cytoplasmic end of TM6. Key interactions included [Formula: see text] stacking between GnRH and GnRH1R (notably Y5 with Y283[Formula: see text], Y290[Formula: see text], and F309[Formula: see text]) and hydrogen bonds with L286[Formula: see text]. Intramolecular [Formula: see text] interactions within GnRH (Y5 and W3) also played a significant role. Two main communication pathways initiated by R8 of GnRH were identified. R8 formed cation-π interactions with W280[Formula: see text] and communicated with N87[Formula: see text] and the DPxxY motif via water-mediated hydrogen bonds. Additional interactions involved M125[Formula: see text] and the PAF and DRS motifs, which are critical for receptor activation. Key differences in [Formula: see text] interactions at they cytosolic end of TM7 between active and inactive states were identified due to the reorganisation of the DPxxY motif. Finally, GnRH1R communication with lipids through hydrogen bonds involving R240[Formula: see text], R75[Formula: see text], and S140[Formula: see text] was observed. This study provides insights into the active conformation and binding dynamics of the GnRH-GnRH1R complex, advancing our current understanding by providing a coherent picture that consolidates previous interpretations, thereby paving the way to better therapeutic applications.
Doğan. Halef H; Bayraktar. Metin M; Kutlu. Metehan M; Yenilmez. Kudret K; Dogan. Hasan H
The study tested giving cows a hormone (hCG) before a standard fertility protocol and found it helped the cows' ovaries recover better than the usual methods, but the research was done on dairy cows, not people.
Kim. Young-Sik YS; Eom. Taekil T; Kim. Yongbin Y; Rhee. Jinhui J; Kim. Hongjun H
Precocious puberty, characterized by the abnormally early onset of secondary sexual development, has been increasing in prevalence worldwide. Current pharmacological treatments, including GnRH agonists, are effective but associated with adverse effects, highlighting the need for safer alternatives. In this study, we investigated the preventive effects of an herbal extract complex composed of <i>Eclipta prostrata</i> and <i>Hordeum vulgare</i> (EHEC) on precocious puberty induced by danazol administration and a high-fat diet (HFD) in rat models. EHEC delayed vaginal opening (VO) and reduced ovarian maturation in both models. Furthermore, EHEC attenuated the elevation in hypothalamic GnRH mRNA expression observed in both models, without affecting body weight. These findings suggest that EHEC modulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and may serve as a potential natural therapeutic agent for the prevention of precocious puberty.
Li. L L; Zhu. L L
The study looked at how well a hormone-releasing IUD works for treating thickened uterine lining (endometrial hyperplasia) in Chinese women. It found high cure rates, especially after a year, and few side effects, but the research is specific to a medical condition that isn’t relevant to most biohackers.
Udomthanaisit. Larindhorn L; Roytrakul. Sittiruk S; Kallayanathum. Wirakan W; Charoenlappanit. Sawan...
The reproductive physiology of canines is unique from other mammals because oocyte maturation occurs about 48-72 hours after ovulation. This study aimed to evaluate the blood serum protein profile in canines during the periovulatory period by using shotgun proteomics to identify potential biomarkers of oocyte maturation.
Anestrus female dogs (<i>n</i> = 9) were implanted subcutaneously with 4.7 mg of deslorelin to induce estrus and ovulation. After implantation, ovariectomy was performed based on the level of progesterone and vaginal cytology evaluations conducted every 48 hours. Simultaneously, serum samples were collected for proteomic analysis. The oocytes were flushed from the oviduct, and the oocyte maturation stage was identified. Based on oocyte staging, all samples were categorized into three groups (<i>n</i> = 3 dogs per group): pre-ovulation, ovulation with immature oocytes, and ovulation with mature oocytes. All serum samples were analyzed in triplicate (27 independent injections) using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to investigate the protein profile.
Proteomics analysis showed 11 proteins upregulated from three different groups: tubulin-specific chaperone D (TBCD); coiled-coil domain-containing protein 93 (CCDC93); WDFY family member 4 (WDFY4); calcium and integrin-binding protein 1 (CIB1); IQ motif containing E (IQCE); large ribosomal subunit protein uL23 N-terminal domain-containing protein (RPL23A); neuraminidase 4 (NEU4); G protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK3); NF-keppaB inhibitor delta (NFKBID); leucine rich repeat containing 4B (LRRC4B); and Rho family-interacting cell polarization regulator 2 (RIPOR2). Among these proteins, NFKDIB, which are oocyte maturation markers in other mammalian species, was upregulated in the ovulation with mature oocyte group (<i>P</i> < 0.01). Therefore, NFKBID is a possible to be an oocyte maturation marker in canines, but further studies on larger populations are needed to confirm its potential.
Zhdanov. Dmytro V DV; Mykhalko. Oleksandr H OH; Povod. Mykola H MH; Zamaratskaia. Galia G
The study compared two ways of stopping male pigs from producing sex hormones—cutting their testicles (surgical castration) versus giving them a vaccine that blocks the hormone‑releasing signal (immunocastration). It looked at how each method affected meat quality and body fat at two different slaughter weights, and also included female pigs for comparison.
Jin. Sufeng S; Sun. Yanhong Y; Zhu. Zhouyue Z; Yu. Haitao H
Central precocious puberty (CPP) in girls is characterized by premature activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, often leading to early epiphyseal closure and compromised adult height. While gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues (GnRHa) are the standard therapy to suppress puberty and preserve height potential, the benefit of adding growth hormone (GH) to improve height outcomes remains unclear. This work aims to evaluate the efficacy of combined GnRHa and GH therapy compared to GnRHa monotherapy in improving growth outcomes in girls with CPP.
A systematic search of PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library was conducted up to May 2025. Eligible studies comparing GnRHa + GH combination therapy to GnRHa monotherapy in girls with CPP were included. Primary outcomes included final height and final height minus target height (FH-TH). Secondary outcomes included predicted adult height (PAH), height gain, height change during treatment, growth velocity, and bone maturation (ΔBA/ΔCA). Pooled weighted mean differences (WMDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using fixed- or random-effects models based on heterogeneity. Subgroup analyses were conducted by study design.
Nine studies were included. Combination therapy significantly improved FH-TH (WMD = 1.01 cm, 95% CI: 0.28 to 1.73; P = 0.006), PAH (WMD = 4.27 cm, 95% CI: 3.47 to 5.08; P < 0.0001), height gain (WMD = 3.45 cm, 95% CI: 1.73 to 5.17; P < 0.0001), height change during treatment (WMD = 3.31 cm, 95% CI: 1.76 to 4.86; P < 0.0001), and growth velocity (WMD = 1.40 cm/year, 95% CI: 0.90 to 1.91; P < 0.0001), with no significant effect on bone maturation (ΔBA/ΔCA) (WMD = 0.01, 95% CI: -0.05 to 0.07; P = 0.77). No significant improvement in final height was observed (WMD = 0.14 cm, 95% CI: -1.66 to 1.94; P = 0.88).
GH supplementation during GnRHa treatment in girls with CPP enhances short-term growth outcomes without accelerating bone age but does not consistently improve final adult height. Combination therapy may be considered for selected patients with poor growth prognosis; however, further high-quality randomized trials are needed to refine patient selection and optimize treatment strategies.
Lee. Jeongro J; Nguyen. Hy Dinh HD; Abdullah. Sura Saad SS; Löbenberg. Raimar R; Lee. Beom-Jin...
Researchers made tiny particles that combine a hormone drug (leuprolide), a fatty acid, and a chemotherapy drug (docetaxel) to target prostate cancer cells more effectively. The particles release the drugs slowly and kill cancer cells in the lab while sparing normal cells, but the work is purely experimental and requires medical settings.
Huang. He H; Hou. Rong R; Kersey. David C DC; Lan. Jingchao J; Ye. Zongjin Z; Li. Yuan Y; Yao. Ying...
In mammals, the pineal gland secretes melatonin, which serves as a crucial signal for interpreting photoperiod cues. As a seasonal breeder, the giant panda typically mates during the spring. To fully elucidate melatonin's influence on the seasonal estrus of female giant pandas, we conducted an in-depth analysis of urinary hormones. First, we found that urinary melatonin and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) levels exhibit distinct seasonal variations over the annual cycle. From January to April, melatonin levels decline sharply from their annual peak, while GnRH levels rise rapidly and remain elevated throughout February, March, and April, precisely corresponding to the giant panda breeding season. Second, during female estrus, the estrogen metabolites peak occurs near the time when melatonin levels drop to their lowest values, and an inverse correlation between melatonin and estrogen metabolites persists both before and after the estrogen metabolites peak. Our analysis of urinary hormones revealed that melatonin exerts a significant suppressive effect on urinary GnRH and estrogen metabolites production prior to the onset of the seasonal estrus in giant pandas. Given the multipotent differentiation capacity of mesenchymal stem cells, we selected cultured giant panda umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (UC-MSCs) as an in vitro model for further study. Initially, we characterized the expression of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in UC-MSCs following GnRH stimulation. Notably, these cells exhibited pituitary-like functional properties, including responsiveness to GnRH and expression of FSH and LH genes, making them suitable for modeling melatonin's effects. Subsequent experiments demonstrated that melatonin suppresses GnRH-induced LH and FSH mRNA expression in UC-MSCs in a dose-dependent manner and higher concentrations of melatonin were particularly effective. Collectively, our study not only elucidates the regulatory effects of melatonin on the seasonal estrous cycle of female giant pandas but also offers valuable new perspectives. These insights can potentially guide the development of conservation strategies for this endangered species, facilitating more targeted and effective efforts to safeguard its population.
Xing. Dan D; Chen. Caiping C; Han. Chao C; Xue. Li L; Lu. Xiang X
Researchers found that two proteins, GPR173 and GnRHR, are lower in aggressive breast cancer cells. When GPR173 is reduced, the cancer cells grow and spread faster, but boosting GnRHR can reverse this effect. This points to these proteins as possible drug targets for treating that cancer type.
Cui. Baoyue B; Hapaer. Aibibaimu A; Wu. Xinglong X; Liu. Yiyong Y; Li. Xiangyun X
The objective of this study was to compare the effects of GnRH administration at sponge insertion, insemination, and day 7 post-insemination on pregnancy rate and litter size in ewes subjected to a fixed time insemination program during the breeding season. Estrus was synchronized in 2740 adult ewes at four experimental sites. An intravaginal sponge impregnated with flurogestone acetate was left in the vagina for 12 days followed by an injection of 330 IU of eCG at sponge removal. Each ewe was in seminated twice at 52 h and 64 h after sponge removal. In the Insertion group, the Insemination group, and the Post-insemination group, ewes were given an intramuscular administration of 25 μg of the GnRH agonist triptorelin at sponge insertion, insemination, and day 7 post-insemination, respectively. No GnRH administration was given in the Control group. Pregnancy rates and litter size were calculated after all deliveries were completed. The results showed that the pregnancy rates in the Insertion group were significantly higher compared to those in the Control group, the Insemination group, and the Post-insemination group. The litter size in the Insertion group and the Insemination group were not significantly different and were significantly higher compared to those in the Control group and the Post-insemination group. In conclusion, the fixed time artificial insemination program, in combination with GnRH administration at sponge insertion, is a simple and potentially effective strategy for increasing fertility in estrus-synchronized ewes during the breeding season.
Cowan. Mairi E ME; Jimenez-Fernandez. Eduardo E; Malla. Aaliyah A; Hughes. Adam D AD
This study looked at how temperature and light affect the reproductive genes of the European flat oyster. It found that a peptide called APGWamide and a protein called vitellogenin rise as female oysters develop, while the role of GnRH (the same family of hormone used in humans) was unclear. Light and temperature both influence oyster reproduction, but the findings don’t give any direct tips for human health or performance.
Akhtar. Muhammad Faheem MF; Ali. Shahzad S; Hassan. Faizul F; Changfa. Wang W
The paper looks at how donkeys that only breed in certain seasons control their reproductive hormones. It explains that melatonin (the hormone linked to light exposure) tells the brain to release GnRH (gonadorelin), and that this system is influenced by nutrition, oxidative stress, and chemicals. While the authors suggest using light tricks, melatonin supplements, better diets, and antioxidants to boost donkey fertility, the findings are specific to animal breeding and don’t give direct, usable advice for human health or self‑experimenters.