Chen. Yunru Y; Xu. Tianhong T; Wang. Jingting J; Wang. Yuan Y; Yu. Na N; Chen. Tao T; Liu. Zewen Z
Scientists studied a wolf spider and found that certain brain chemicals (neuropeptides) change when a mother spider carries her babies. A hormone‑making enzyme (HSD3B) and some pesticides also affect these chemicals and the spider's caring behavior. The peptide gonadorelin (a GnRH‑like molecule) was found to go down when the spider was caring for its young.
Lavecchia. Anna A; De Virgilio. Caterina C; Manzari. Caterina C; Lo Giudice. Claudio C; Pousis. Chry...
This study looked at the brain hormone signals in wild and hatchery‑raised amberjack fish and found that the captive fish have messed‑up pituitary gene activity that may cause poor sperm production. The work is purely about fish biology and does not test gonadorelin in people, so it offers no direct tips for human health or performance.
Matsuzaki. Sachiko S; Pouly. Jean-Luc JL; Canis. Michel M
A study of 164 women with deep endometriosis found that those who have ovarian endometrioma, ongoing pelvic pain, severe pain during sex, or a previous C‑section are far more likely to keep feeling pain even after taking hormone medicines like GnRH agonists, progestins, or birth‑control pills.
Singh. Jaswant J; Munteanu. Miruna M; Shakeel. Muhammad A MA; Adams. Gregg P GP
In alpacas, giving the drug Cetrorelix (a GnRH blocker) makes the main ovarian follicle shrink and a new group of follicles appear about a week later, which helps farmers plan timed insemination. This is a veterinary breeding study and doesn’t give useful guidance for human health or performance.
Galan. Lenuța L; Solcan. Gheorghe G; Solcan. Carmen C
In birds, light can penetrate the cranial bones and reach deep brain regions, where non-visual photoreceptors, especially in the hypothalamus, detect spectral and photoperiodic cues. Alongside retinal photoreception, deep-brain light sensing contributes to circadian entrainment and regulates melatonin secretion by the pineal gland. These light-driven pathways modulate endocrine activity, playing a key role in muscle development. This review explores how monochromatic light-emitting diode (LED) illumination, particularly green and blue wavelengths, affects the somatotropic axis (growth hormone-releasing hormone [GHRH]-growth hormone [GH]-insulin-like growth factor 1 [IGF-1]), the gonadal axis (gonadotropin-releasing hormone [GnRH]-luteinizing hormone [LH]/follicle-stimulating hormone [FSH]-sex steroids [testosterone, estrogen, progesterone]), the thyroid axis (thyrotropin-releasing hormone [TRH]-thyroid-stimulating hormone [TSH]-thyroxine [T<sub>4</sub>]/triiodothyronine [T<sub>3</sub>]), and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis (corticotropin-releasing hormone [CRH]-adrenocorticotropic hormone [ACTH]-corticosterone). Green light enhances early-stage muscle growth via GHRH and IGF-1 upregulation, while blue light supports later myogenic activity and oxidative balance. Light schedules also influence melatonin dynamics, which in turn modulate endocrine axis responsiveness to photic cues. Furthermore, variations in photoperiod and exposure to artificial lights at night (ALAN) affect thyroid activity and HPA axis reactivity, influencing metabolism, thermoregulation, and stress resilience. Together, ocular and intracranial photoreception form a complex network that links environmental light to hormonal regulation and muscle growth. These insights support the strategic use of LED lighting to optimize broiler performance and welfare.
Krietsch. Johannes J; Goymann. Wolfgang W; Valcu. Mihai M; Kempenaers. Bart B
The study looked at two Arctic shorebirds and found that males of the species with many mates (polygynous) have higher natural testosterone and blood‑cell concentration, while females of the species where females have many mates (polyandrous) show the opposite pattern. Giving a hormone trigger (GnRH) raised testosterone similarly in both species, but didn’t change the overall differences.
Yang. Ming M; Lin. Shuangzhu S; Fu. Dongting D; Wang. Yu Y; Lu. Siyu S; Li. Man M; Wang. Xiaoli X
A 50‑year‑old man lost hair, felt tired, and had low libido. Doctors found he had a rare hormone problem (isolated ACTH deficiency) and a testicular cancer. After surgery and steroid pills, his symptoms and hormone levels improved. The authors think the hair loss and hormone issue might be linked to the cancer through an immune reaction, and they suggest checking for hidden tumors when this hormone problem appears.
Jelassi. Nada N; Zimmermann. Appoline A; Faust. Cindy C; Miquel. Laura L; Buffat. Christophe C; Perr...
In IVF cycles that use a GnRH‑antagonist protocol, the amount of luteinizing hormone (LH) measured just before ovulation doesn’t change how many embryos implant, how many pregnancies happen, or the chance of a live birth. Even when LH is low, there’s no need to freeze all embryos and wait for a later transfer.
Matjila. Mushi J MJ; Le Roux. Paul Andre PA; van der Spuy. Zephne M ZM
Cyproterone acetate (often combined with ethinylestradiol) is used to treat excess hair growth in women, but the research shows only weak, low‑certainty evidence that it improves hair scores or hormone levels. The studies are small, varied, and don’t give clear guidance on dosing or safety, making it hard to turn into a reliable DIY protocol.
Sodero. Giorgio G
This study compared two lab tests that doctors use to confirm early puberty in girls. It found that the traditional GnRH test triggers a stronger hormone spike than the newer triptorelin test, especially in younger kids. Both tests can still diagnose the condition, but the GnRH test gives a clearer signal.
Tang. Huimin H; Jia. Qiucheng Q; Chen. Wanying W; Wei. Weiwei W; Ma. Zongli Z; Chen. Jiming J
Thoracic endometriosis syndrome is a rare form of endometriosis in which endometrial tissue is thought to migrate to the lungs and, with the onset of menstruation, the ectopic foci bleed, causing a range of pulmonary manifestations. In this paper we have collected the clinical data of two patients with thoracic endometriosis syndrome, both of whom presented with haemoptysis as the first symptom and had a history of endometriosis. After 6 courses of treatment with gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues followed by maintenance treatment with dienogest, the patients' haemoptysis symptoms were relieved, the CT lesions in the lungs were significantly resorbed compared with the previous ones, and no recurrence was observed at long-term follow-up.
Cheng. Zhimin Z; Wang. Yangyang Y; Wang. Yang Y; Wei. Hongyu H; Challioui. Mohammed Kamal MK; Guo. Y...
Egg production represents one of the most economically critical traits in commercial poultry production, orchestrated primarily by the hypothalamus-pituitary-ovarian (HPO) axis. Synaptotagmin 1 (SYT1), a ubiquitous component of the nervous and endocrine systems, functions as a key mediator of calcium-dependent neurotransmitter release and hormone secretion. However, the functional role of SYT1 in avian reproductive performance has remained elusive. In this study, we present evidence that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the SYT1 gene effectively distinguish commercial laying hens from local wild breeds, as demonstrated through principal component analysis (PCA), suggesting the gene's pivotal role in selective breeding for enhanced egg production. Through genotype-phenotype correlation analyses, we identified two SNPs, rs39497549 and rs39477032, that exhibit strong associations with egg laying performance. Furthermore, tissue-specific expression levels showed profiling analysis revealed SYT1 transcript levels in pituitary and ovarian tissues of high-producing hens relative to their low-producing counterparts, and these expression levels showed strong positive correlations with circulating concentrations of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and estradiol (E2). In addition, fluorescence in situ hybridization analyses further confirmed spatial co-localization of SYT1 and LH within anterior pituitary cells, suggesting a direct involvement of SYT1 in gonadotroph activity. Functional validation through in cultured pituitary cells revealed that gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist stimulation significantly upregulated SYT1, follicle stimulating hormone beta subunit (FSHβ), and luteinizing hormone beta subunit (LHβ) mRNA, along with enhanced secretion of FSH and LH. Conversely, SYT1 knockdown attenuated GnRH-induced expression and secretion of gonadotropins, while SYT1 overexpression potentiated these effects. Additionally, SYT1 modulated steroidogenesis in ovarian granulosa cells by regulating the expression of steroidogenic enzymes and progesterone production. Taken together, our findings establish SYT1 as a master regulator of chicken egg production performance via modulation of reproductive hormone synthesis and secretion within the HPO axis. These results position SYT1 polymorphisms as promising genetic markers for selective breeding programs in commercial laying hens improving egg production traits in indigenous chicken breeds.
Geng. Tao T; Feng. Mengwei M; Wang. Kaiyan K; Wang. Hui H; Gu. Tianshu T; Hu. Xiaotong X; Li. Jiao J...
This study maps a specific RNA modification (m7G) in cells that become fatty plaques in arteries and finds that some of the affected genes are linked to the GnRH signaling pathway, but it does not test gonadorelin or give any advice on using it.
Malik. Mohd Ashraf MA; Bedekar. Megha Kadam MK; Bhat. Raja Aadil Hussain RAH; Valsalam. Anisha A; Va...
Efficient detection of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues (GnRH-a) in fish is essential for monitoring pharmacokinetics and improving hormone-based breeding protocols in aquaculture. This study reports the development of a peptide-based indirect ELISA (iELISA) for detecting salmon GnRH-a (sGnRH-a) in fish sera and investigates the role of chitosan, a biological macromolecule, in enhancing hormone retention. Polyclonal antibodies were successfully raised in rabbits using a BSA-conjugated sGnRH-a peptide. The iELISA was optimized and validated, exhibiting 97.9 % sensitivity, 95.8 % specificity, and an AUC of 0.982. Cross-reactivity analysis revealed only 5.6 % reactivity with the related peptide, chicken GnRH-a. The assay was applied to Cyprinus carpio and Labeo catla, revealing that chitosan nanoconjugation extended sGnRH-a detectability in serum from 30 min to 1 h post-injection. Molecular docking using AutoDock Vina revealed a stable chitosan-sGnRH-a complex with a binding energy of -8.4 kcal/mol, supported by hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions. These findings provide mechanistic insight into the sustained-release behaviour of chitosan nanocarriers. This is the first ELISA reported for sGnRH-a detection in fish sera, offering a sensitive, non-radioactive, and practical tool for hormone monitoring. The study highlights the utility of chitosan as a macromolecular delivery vehicle, contributing to improved reproductive management strategies in aquaculture.
Rahman. Shadab A SA; Grant. Leilah K LK; Cohn. Aviva Y AY; Harder. Jessica A JA; Nathan. Margo D MD;...
Risk of cardiometabolic disease increases in women transitioning to postmenopause, during which estradiol declines universally. Most of these women experience fragmentation of sleep due to nocturnal hot flashes, without a reduction in total sleep time.
We examined the independent impact of estradiol suppression, sleep, and their combination on cardiometabolic outcomes categorized as satiety and hunger, lipid profile, cardiac vital signs, and glucoregulation.
Participants completed 5-night inpatient studies under eucaloric conditions, once during mid-follicular phase/estrogenized and again under estrogen suppressed conditions, using the same experimental protocol both times. For all participants, sleep was unfragmented the first two nights and then experimentally fragmented without reducing total sleep time the next three nights.
Inpatient Intensive Physiological Monitoring research facility.
38 healthy premenopausal women.
Clinical experimental induced menopause model including gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist-induced hypoestrogenism and sleep fragmentation.
Leptin and satiety.
Estradiol suppression significantly decreased leptin and increased lipid profiles (FDR-adjusted p≤0.05). Sleep fragmentation significantly increased heart rate (FDR-adjusted p=0.002) and trended to increase fasting glucose (FDR-adjusted p=0.08). Estradiol suppression and sleep fragmentation worsened individual cardiometabolic outcomes by (median, IQR) 4.0% (1.5%, 6.3%) from normalized baseline values. Sleep fragmentation worsened a composite cardiometabolic index derived from individual clinical cardiometabolic measures by an additional 103% over estradiol suppression alone.
Independent of aging, there are significant adverse changes in cardiometabolic health induced by core components of the transition to postmenopause, including novel effects of sleep fragmentation, a modifiable target.
Seibert. Tara A TA; Shariff. Afreen A; McManus. Hannah D HD
Prolactinomas can induce castrate-level testosterone suppression by dysregulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. While hypogonadism typically confers a reduced risk for prostate cancer (PCa), malignancy can still occur and may arise via nonclassical pathways of carcinogenesis. Special consideration must be given when initiating treatment for patients with concurrent prolactinoma and PCa due to the complex hormonal interplay between prolactin and testosterone.
A man in his 60s was diagnosed with localized high-risk PCa in the setting of castrate-level testosterone suppression mediated by an untreated prolactinoma. Following consistent treatment with a dopamine receptor agonist, testosterone levels normalized. PCa was managed with external beam radiotherapy and androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), initially with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist to avoid the flare phenomenon, and now with a GnRH agonist. Trends of prolactin, testosterone, and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels throughout his clinical course are illustrated alongside the case presentation.
Patients with prolactinoma-induced hypogonadism remain at risk for PCa. Dopamine agonists for treatment of prolactinoma may worsen PCa due to testosterone rebound; GnRH agonists for treatment of PCa may precipitate pituitary apoplexy in patients with preexisting pituitary adenoma. GnRH antagonists may be a theoretically safer alternative. Cautious and tailored selection of therapy alongside close clinical monitoring are essential to optimize care of this complex patient population.
Senthilkumar. Harshini H; Chauhan. Subhash C SC; Arumugam. Mohanapriya M
This paper is a broad review of why polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) happens and how diet, hormones, genetics, and cell‑level changes contribute. It talks about lifestyle fixes, drugs like metformin, and future ideas, but it does not discuss the peptide gonadorelin or give any direct guidance on using it.
Lin. Pin-Yao PY; Lee. Chun-I CI; Chen. Hsiu-Hui HH; Huang. Chun-Chia CC; Chen. Ming-Jer MJ; Yu. Tzu-...
Achieving an optimal balance between oocyte yield and embryo quality is central to donor IVF. Although anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) predicts oocyte quantity, donor characteristics and stimulation parameters may influence embryo developmental competence. We aimed to identify clinical and protocol-related factors associated with oocyte yield and embryo quality in a large donor cohort.
We retrospectively analyzed 584 donor IVF cycles at a single center (Jan 1, 2018-Dec 31, 2023). Donor variables included age, AMH, BMI (body mass index), and baseline hormones. Stimulation used gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist (27.1%) or progestin-primed ovarian stimulation (PPOS)(72.9%); recombinant human luteinizing hormone (LH) was used in 86% of cycles; final maturation was GnRH agonist (GnRHa) (59.4%) or dual trigger (40.6%). Outcomes were oocyte yield and embryo quality metrics (maturation, two-pronuclear (2PN) fertilization, Day 3 good-quality embryo rate, blastocyst formation rate, and top-quality blastocyst rate). Multivariable linear regression and propensity score matching (PSM) compared protocols and LH supplementation.
Donors were 25.6 ± 3.7 years with AMH 6.1 ± 2.9 ng/mL and BMI 21.6 ± 2.8 kg/m². Per cycle: 27.1 ± 11.1 oocytes, 20.8 ± 8.3 MII (maturation 78.2 ± 13.4%), 2PN fertilization 73 ± 18%, Day 3 good-quality embryos 10.6 ± 6.0 (69.5 ± 23.5%), blastocysts 9.5 ± 5.5 (56.7 ± 22.5%), and top-quality blastocysts 6.1 ± 4.2 (36.5 ± 20.1%). First transfers (n=491) yielded 55.4% clinical pregnancy and 44.4% live birth; miscarriage 12.2%. AMH independently predicted oocyte number; higher BMI was associated with lower fertilization. PPOS produced lower Day 3 good-quality embryo (67.9% vs 72.8%) and top-quality blastocyst rates (59.7% vs 74.1%) versus antagonist in PSM, with similar blastocyst formation rate (64.0% vs 60.9%). LH supplementation modestly increased fertilization (74.4% vs 69.5%) without downstream differences. Dual trigger was associated with reduced blastocyst formation rate but a higher proportion of top-quality blastocysts.
In donor IVF, AMH is the principal predictor of oocyte yield, whereas BMI, stimulation protocol, and trigger method influence embryo quality. Despite protocol-dependent morphology differences, pregnancy and live birth rates remained high. Findings support individualized stimulation strategies that consider donor profile and protocol effects to optimize efficiency and outcomes.
Wang. Xiaoning X; Fu. Kui K; Zhang. Ying Y; Jiang. Shengfang S; Zhang. Changjun C
A study looked at whether blood vitamin B12 levels affect pregnancy success in IVF cycles that use a GnRH agonist. They found that, within a certain low range of B12, each 10 pg/mL increase was linked to a small (about 4%) rise in clinical pregnancy rates, but the effect was modest and needs more research.
Li. Yuwei Y; Chen. Juan J; Liu. Changtao C; Mei. Huiling H; Zhang. Yaping Y; Miao. Zhongwei Z; Wang....
Body size remains a major trait due to its high economic impact for breeding selection. This study was aimed to select high-yielding Jinding ducks based on body size and physiological indicators. A total of 264 Jinding ducks were measured for eleven body size measurements and body weight, as well as seven hormones and four biochemical indicators (high-yielding duck, HYD, n = 132; low-yielding duck, LYD, n = 132). All data were subjected to t-tests and Pearson correlation analysis. The results revealed that HYD exhibited higher levels of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), progesterone (PROG), testosterone (T), estradiol (E2), glucose (GLU), and triglyceride (TG) (P < 0.01) while lower levels of prolactin (PRL) (P < 0.01) compared with LYD. The HYD showed wider pubic spacing, slender necks, and longer keel bones than LYD (P < 0.01). The HYD also had wider body slope length, half-diving depth, chest depth, chest width, and tibia length (P < 0.05). Thus, based on the significant differences in body size and hormone levels, we further investigated the association between them. The result showed that the pubic spacing and neck length were positively correlated with GnRH, FSH, and PROG (P < 0.01) and negatively correlated with PRL (P < 0.05), while the keel bone length was positively correlated with GnRH, FSH (P < 0.01) and E2, PROG (P < 0.05).The half-diving depth was positively correlated with GnRH, E2 (P < 0.01) and LH, PROG (P < 0.05). This study provided breeding strategies and showed that HYD could be selected by wide pubic spacing, long keel bones and slender necks.