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Cathelicidin, hCAP-18, FALL-39, CAP-18
An antimicrobial peptide of the cathelicidin family that provides innate immune defense by killing pathogens and modulating inflammation and wound healing.
Kulkarni. Nikhil N NN; Yi. Zhiqian Z; Huehnken. Carolin C; Agerberth. Birgitta B; Gudmundsson. Gudmu...
The study shows phenylbutyrate can boost the body’s natural antimicrobial peptide LL‑37 by activating the vitamin D receptor, and when paired with vitamin D3 it helped kill a common lung bacteria in a dish.
Dilek. F F; Gultepe. B B; Ozkaya. E E; Yazici. M M; Gedik. A H AH; Cakir. E E
Kids with allergic rhinitis have less of the natural antimicrobial peptide LL‑37 in their nose than healthy kids, and the more severe their symptoms, the lower the LL‑37 levels. This suggests that a shortage of this immune‑boosting peptide might be part of why allergies flare up.
Gonzalez-Curiel. Irma I; Trujillo. Valentin V; Montoya-Rosales. Alejandra A; Rincon. Kublai K; Rivas...
The study found that the active form of vitamin D (1,25‑dihydroxyvitamin D3) can make skin cells from diabetic foot ulcers produce more natural antibiotics called LL‑37 and HBD‑2, which then helped kill bacteria and speed up cell movement in a lab wound‑healing test.
Abou Alaiwa. Mahmoud H MH; Reznikov. Leah R LR; Gansemer. Nicholas D ND; Sheets. Kelsey A KA; Horswi...
The study shows that the antimicrobial peptide LL‑37 (and another peptide, hBD‑3) works best at a slightly alkaline pH (around 8). When the airway surface becomes more acidic (pH 6.8), both peptides kill bacteria less effectively and lose their teamwork boost. This suggests that keeping airway fluids less acidic could help the body’s natural defenses against lung infections.
Yang. Yi-Meng YM; Guo. Yan-Fei YF; Zhang. Hong-Sheng HS; Sun. Tie-Ying TY
People with COPD who are more likely to have frequent flare‑ups have lower blood levels of the antimicrobial peptide LL‑37 and lower vitamin D. The lower LL‑37 is linked to more hospital visits, and vitamin D levels also drop as risk rises, but the study doesn’t prove that boosting either will prevent attacks.
Al-Mutairi. Nawaf N; Shaaban. Dalia D
People with plaque psoriasis start out with low vitamin D and high levels of the immune peptide LL‑37. After a course of narrow‑band UVB light treatment, both vitamin D and LL‑37 in the blood go up a lot. This suggests the light therapy may help psoriasis partly by boosting these molecules.
Lombardo Bedran. Telma Blanca TB; Palomari Spolidorio. Denise D; Grenier. Daniel D
The study found that the natural antimicrobial peptide LL‑37 works together with green tea catechin EGCG and cranberry proanthocyanidins to dampen inflammation in a lab model of gum tissue. When these compounds were combined, they cut down the release of several inflammatory signals triggered by bacterial LPS, suggesting a potential boost to oral health.
Jiang. Jiang J; Chen. Guojun G; Shuler. Franklin D FD; Wang. Chi-Hwa CH; Xie. Jingwei J
Researchers made tiny fiber mats that slowly release a form of vitamin D (25‑hydroxyvitamin D3). When these mats were placed near human skin cells and immune cells, the cells made a lot more of the natural antibiotic peptide LL‑37 than when the same amount of vitamin D was given as a regular dose. The extra LL‑37 was enough to kill harmful bacteria, and the fibers didn’t harm the cells.
Grönberg. Alvar A; Mahlapuu. Margit M; Ståhle. Mona M; Whately-Smith. Caroline C; Rollman....
A small clinical trial tested a synthetic peptide called LL-37 on stubborn leg ulcers. Applying the low‑dose creams (0.5 mg/mL or 1.6 mg/mL) twice a week helped the wounds shrink much faster than a placebo, while the higher dose didn’t work any better. No safety problems were seen, so the peptide appears safe for topical use on chronic wounds.
Haisma. Elisabeth M EM; de Breij. Anna A; Chan. Heelam H; van Dissel. Jaap T JT; Drijfhout. Jan W JW...
Researchers tested two lab-made versions of the natural peptide LL-37 (called P60.4Ac and P10) on skin models that mimic burn wounds. Both peptides killed tough, drug‑resistant Staph bacteria, including strains that no longer respond to the usual cream mupirocin, and they did this without harming the skin cells.
Beaumont. Paula E PE; McHugh. Brian B; Gwyer Findlay. Emily E; Mackellar. Annie A; Mackenzie. Karen...
In mice, giving the human antimicrobial peptide LL‑37 helped clear a lung infection with Pseudomonas bacteria, not by killing the bugs directly but by super‑charging the early neutrophil (white‑blood‑cell) response. Mice that can’t make their own cathelicidin showed weaker later neutrophil activity and worse infection outcomes, highlighting LL‑37’s role in coordinating immune defenses.
Lowry. Malcolm B MB; Guo. Chunxiao C; Borregaard. Niels N; Gombart. Adrian F AF
The study shows that the immune‑boosting peptide LL‑37 is naturally higher in neutrophils and can be dramatically increased by the active form of vitamin D, especially in macrophages and dendritic cells, while adding parathyroid hormone doesn’t help. This suggests that getting enough active vitamin D could raise LL‑37 levels and improve innate immunity, but the research doesn’t give exact dosing guidance.
Srakaew. Nopparat N; Young. Charlene D CD; Sae-wu. Arpornrad A; Xu. Hongbin H; Quesnel. Krista L KL;...
The antimicrobial peptide LL‑37 can bind to mouse and human sperm, disrupt their membranes, stop them from moving, and trigger premature acrosome reactions, which makes the sperm unable to fertilize eggs in mice. In animal tests, adding LL‑37 to sperm prevented pregnancy without harming the female reproductive tract, suggesting it could become a vaginal contraceptive that also kills microbes.
Kim. Da Jung DJ; Lee. Young Woong YW; Park. Myung Keun MK; Shin. Ju Ri JR; Lim. Ki Jung KJ; Cho. Ju...
The designer peptide SHAP1 helps wounds heal faster and fights Staph infections without harming human skin cells, working better than the natural peptide LL‑37 in lab tests and mouse studies. It stays stable in wound fluids and isn’t toxic up to fairly high concentrations, suggesting it could become a useful topical treatment, though it isn’t yet a commercial product.
Melnik. Bodo C BC
The skin peptide LL‑37, which can cause inflammation and redness, is made in higher amounts when the skin’s protein‑folding system (the endoplasmic reticulum) is stressed. Things like UV light, heat, spicy foods, and skin irritants all boost this stress, leading to rosacea flare‑ups. Most rosacea medicines appear to work by calming this ER‑stress pathway, so lowering overall cellular stress may help keep the skin clear.
Koziel. Joanna J; Bryzek. Danuta D; Sroka. Aneta A; Maresz. Katarzyna K; Glowczyk. Izabela I; Bielec...
LL-37 is a natural antimicrobial peptide that can calm inflammation, but when its arginine parts are changed to citrulline (a process called citrullination), it loses this ability and can even make sepsis worse. In mice, citrullinated LL-37 couldn't protect against lethal endotoxin shock and actually raised harmful inflammation markers.
Luan. Chao C; Xie. Yong Gang YG; Pu. Yu Tian YT; Zhang. Hai Wen HW; Han. Fei Fei FF; Feng. Jie J; Wa...
Scientists made a cheap way to produce the immune‑boosting peptide LL‑37 in regular lab bacteria. By attaching a special self‑cleaving tag, the peptide forms easy‑to‑collect clumps that can be spun down and released in pure form, giving about 0.6 mg of LL‑37 per litre of culture. The resulting peptide works as an antimicrobial, showing the method actually works.
Sarker. Protim P; Mily. Akhirunnesa A; Mamun. Abdullah Al AA; Jalal. Shah S; Bergman. Peter P; Raqib...
The study shows that the antibiotic ciprofloxacin (and clindamycin) can lower the gut's natural antimicrobial proteins, especially LL‑37 and beta‑defensin‑3, which help keep harmful bacteria like C. difficile in check. This suppression may make antibiotic‑associated diarrhea more likely.
Akiyama. Toshihiro T; Niyonsaba. François F; Kiatsurayanon. Chanisa C; Nguyen. Toan The TT; Ush...
The study shows that the natural peptide LL‑37 can boost proteins that seal skin cells together, making the skin barrier tighter and less leaky. It does this by turning on several cell‑signaling pathways, and the effect disappears if those pathways are blocked.
Steinstraesser. Lars L; Lam. Martin C MC; Jacobsen. Frank F; Porporato. Paolo E PE; Chereddy. Kiran...
Scientists used a tiny electric pulse to push a DNA plasmid that makes the LL‑37 peptide into skin wounds of mice. This caused the wounds to close faster, even in diabetic mice, and improved blood flow in a limb‑ischemia model. The benefit seems to come from LL‑37 boosting inflammation signals (IL‑6) and blood‑vessel growth factors (VEGF, SDF‑1a).