An antimicrobial peptide of the cathelicidin family that provides innate immune defense by killing pathogens and modulating inflammation and wound healing.
Ramírez-Ledesma. María G MG; Bermudes-Valencia. Berenice B; Balderas-Parada. Rosa M RM; Sa...
The study shows that the antimicrobial peptide LL‑37, which tags DNA‑based immune traps called extracellular traps, appears in many types of vaginal infections and even in women who feel fine but still have hidden microbes, meaning the body’s trap response is common but can also add to inflammation.
Xi. Liuqing L; Du. Juan J; Xue. Wen W; Shao. Kan K; Jiang. Xiaohong X; Peng. Wenfang W; Li. Wenyi W;...
In diabetic mice, applying the natural peptide LL‑37 helped skin wounds close faster. It works by turning on a cell‑clean‑up system called TFEB‑dependent autophagy, which moves important proteins into the cell nucleus and boosts other autophagy genes. When the autophagy pathway was blocked, the healing benefit disappeared, showing the effect depends on this process.
The human peptide LL‑37 can kick‑start a cell‑cleaning process called autophagy in macrophages, but only when it’s in its natural form. Small chemical changes at the start of the peptide (like adding acetyl or formyl groups) or cutting off the first two leucine building blocks stop this effect. The peptide made by neutrophils is often modified and therefore doesn’t trigger autophagy, while the version released by macrophages stays mostly unchanged and works.
Scientists improved a tiny piece of the natural antimicrobial peptide LL-37 by adding a chemical 'staple' that makes it more helical, positively charged, and resistant to breakdown, which lets it kill bacteria better and reduce inflammation in mouse wound infections.
The study found that a natural protein called LL‑37 is higher in the saliva of people with gum disease, especially if they don’t smoke, and lower in healthy people and smokers. Smoking cuts down LL‑37 levels, but gum disease still raises them compared to healthy mouths.
A review of studies shows that eating fermented dairy like yogurt, kefir, and cheese generally helps gut comfort and can lower some inflammation markers. Some research also saw changes in gut microbes and short‑chain fatty acids, and a few studies measured the antimicrobial peptide LL‑37, but the link to health benefits isn’t clear.
Zielke. Claudia C; Nielsen. Josefine Eilsø JE; Lin. Jennifer S JS; Barron. Annelise E AE
LL-37 is a natural antimicrobial peptide that can stick to DNA or RNA, forming clumps that can boost the body’s first‑line immune defenses. However, those same clumps can sometimes over‑activate the immune system and may contribute to autoimmune problems like psoriasis or lupus. The review stresses that we still need to understand exactly how these complexes are built and how they work before using LL-37 in health hacks.
Ahmed. Engy M EM; Boseila. Abeer A AA; Hanora. Amro S AS; Solyman. Samar M SM
The study shows that the natural peptide LL‑37 can directly damage Rift Valley Fever Virus (RVFV) particles and reduce infection of cultured cells, cutting virus entry by about three‑quarters at a low concentration. However, the work was done only in lab dishes, not in animals or people, so it’s not yet a ready‑to‑use treatment.
Wang. Chen C; Li. Min M; Xia. Xiaohui X; Fu. Yuxuan Y; Wang. Yi Y; Xu. Wei W; Wei. Hongqi H; Wei. Li...
Scientists packaged the antimicrobial peptide LL-37 inside tiny cell‑derived bubbles called exosomes, which made the peptide last longer in the body, cross the placenta more easily, and block Zika virus better than the plain peptide. In mice, this approach also protected testicles and sperm from Zika damage.
Altieri. Anthony A; Marshall. Courtney Lynn CL; Ramotar. Padmanie P; Lloyd. Dylan D; Hemshekhar. Mah...
The study found that the natural peptide LL‑37 can lower two enzymes (MMP9 and MMP13) that are usually boosted by inflammation in lung cells, which might help slow airway remodeling seen in asthma. This effect was seen in lab-grown human bronchial cells and involved changes in signaling proteins like SRC, AKT and A20.
Kim. Eunhee E; Park. Yoonjin Y; Yun. Mihae M; Kim. Boyong B
Scientists found that tiny particles (exosomes) made from hemp stem extract can protect gum cells from damage caused by air pollution. These exosomes turn on helpful micro‑RNAs, calm down inflammation, help stem cells turn into bone‑forming cells, and adjust levels of the antimicrobial peptide LL‑37 and the inflammation signal MCP‑1. The work is still at the cell‑culture stage, so it’s not yet a ready‑to‑use hack for everyday health.
In older heart attack patients, higher levels of a protein called FABP4 were linked to more future heart‑related events, while higher levels of the antimicrobial peptide LL‑37 were linked to fewer such events, even after accounting for other risk factors.
LL-37 is a natural antimicrobial protein made by immune cells and mouth lining cells. In gum disease (periodontitis) its levels go up in the fluid around the teeth, and it seems to help fight bacteria, control inflammation, and aid tissue repair. Researchers think it could become a useful marker for gum disease or a target for new treatments, but no concrete home‑use protocols exist yet.
Lueschow-Guijosa. Shiloh R SR; Stanford. Amy H AH; Berger. Jennifer N JN; Gong. Huiyu H; Boly. Timot...
In mouse studies, two natural immune peptides, LL‑37 and hBD2, helped protect the gut from severe damage that mimics a serious infant disease. Giving LL‑37 after injury lowered gut injury scores, likely by killing harmful microbes, while hBD2 worked both before and after injury by calming inflammation and strengthening the gut lining.
Broadie. Candra O CO; Telchy. Alaa I AI; Baines. Antonio T AT; Dillard. Joseph P JP; Nicholas. Rober...
The research found that removing a bacterial enzyme (ltgA) in Neisseria gonorrhoeae makes the bacteria produce more cell‑wall building blocks and become more vulnerable to common antibiotics and the human antimicrobial peptide LL‑37. This shows LL‑37 can kill the bacteria more easily when its cell‑wall synthesis is disrupted.
Juszczak. Magdalena M; Zawrotniak. Marcin M; Rapala-Kozik. Maria M
The study shows that the human antimicrobial peptide LL‑37 can stick to DNA and RNA released by Candida albicans biofilms. When these LL‑37‑nucleic‑acid complexes meet neutrophils, they change how the immune cells react: they become less likely to die, they release more inflammation‑signalling IL‑8, but they make less reactive oxygen and form fewer NETs, which are webs that trap microbes. This suggests LL‑37 shifts neutrophils from directly killing the fungus to signaling the rest of the immune system.
Subaer. Subaer S; Hartati. Hartati H; Ramadhan. Imam I; Ismayanti. Harlyenda H; Setiawan. Agung A
Researchers made a simple way to stick the natural antimicrobial peptide LL‑37 onto tiny gold particles. The combo stayed stable, killed Staph bacteria in lab tests, and helped skin wounds close faster (85% healed by day 12). However, making and using these gold‑nanoparticle gels isn’t something you can safely do at home yet.
A study found that Oroxylin A, a compound from traditional Chinese medicine, can lessen skin inflammation similar to rosacea caused by the peptide LL‑37. It works by lowering harmful reactive oxygen species and blocking a key inflammation pathway (NF‑κB) through the SIRT3‑SOD2 system. While the results are promising, they come from lab experiments and don’t give clear dosage or formulation advice for everyday use.
The study shows that the filamentous bacteriophage M13 can directly affect gut lining cells, causing them to release inflammation signals (IL‑8) and increase the antimicrobial peptide LL‑37 when short‑chain fatty acids are present. It also makes it harder for bacteria to get inside these cells. However, the work was done in a lab dish, not in people, so it’s not a ready‑to‑use health hack.
Tanabe. G G; Mori. T T; Araki. M M; Kataoka. H H; Into. T T
The study shows that the antimicrobial peptide LL‑37, which is naturally found in the mouth, sticks to bacterial DNA in dental plaque and forms big, sticky clumps. When it does this, LL‑37 loses its ability to kill bacteria and the clumps can trigger immune reactions that might worsen gum inflammation.