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LL-37

Cathelicidin, hCAP-18, FALL-39, CAP-18

An antimicrobial peptide of the cathelicidin family that provides innate immune defense by killing pathogens and modulating inflammation and wound healing.

Quick Stats
Studies 2230
Trials 95
Formula C205H340N60O53
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Utility 2
pubmed Oct 13, 2020

Efficacy of Antigonococcal CMP-Nonulosonate Therapeutics Require Cathelicidins.

Gulati. Sunita S; Schoenhofen. Ian C IC; Lindhout-Djukic. Theresa T; Lewis. Lisa A LA; Moustafa. Ies...

The study shows that gonorrhea bacteria can hide from the immune system by adding a sugar called sialic acid to their surface, which makes them resistant to the natural antimicrobial peptide LL‑37. Researchers found that giving mice similar sugars (CMP‑Kdn or CMP‑Leg5,7Ac2) into the vagina keeps the bacteria vulnerable to LL‑37 and reduces infection, but this only works when LL‑37 is present. The work is still early‑stage and done in mice, so it isn’t a ready‑to‑use treatment for people yet.

Utility 2
pubmed Jun 26, 2020

Cathelicidin-Related Antimicrobial Peptide Regulates CD73 Expression in Mouse Th17 Cells via p38.

Lee. Jeonghyun J; Shin. Kyong-Oh KO; Kim. Yesol Y; Cho. Jaewon J; Lim. Hyung W HW; Yoon. Sung-Il SI;...

A study in mice shows that the peptide LL‑37 (called CRAMP in mice) can push a type of immune cell, Th17, to become more suppressive and even die, through a p38 signaling route. This suggests that LL‑37 might actually dampen certain immune functions rather than boost them, especially in a tumor setting.

Utility 2
pubmed Oct 30, 2020

Proteomic Adaptation of <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> to the Antimicrobial Peptide Human Beta Defensin 3 (hBD3) in Comparison to Other Cell Surface Stresses.

M&#xfc;cke. Pierre-Alexander PA; Ostrzinski. Anne A; Hammerschmidt. Sven S; Maa&#xdf;. Sandra S; Bec...

Scientists studied how the pneumonia‑causing bacteria change their protein makeup when hit with two human antimicrobial peptides, hBD3 and LL‑37, and a detergent. Both peptides caused similar shifts, but LL‑37 also triggered extra proteins that tweak the bacterial surface, while the detergent caused its own unique changes.

Utility 2
pubmed Dec 16, 2020

Evolution of Colistin Resistance in the Klebsiella pneumoniae Complex Follows Multiple Evolutionary Trajectories with Variable Effects on Fitness and Virulence Characteristics.

Janssen. Axel B AB; Doorduijn. Dennis J DJ; Mills. Grant G; Rogers. Malbert R C MRC; Bonten. Marc J...

Researchers grew four strains of Klebsiella bacteria with the antibiotic colistin and watched them become resistant. They found the bacteria used many different genetic tricks to survive, and some of the resistant bugs also became less vulnerable to the human immune peptide LL‑37 and even more harmful in a worm model. The findings mainly warn that using colistin can make bacteria tougher against both drugs and our own defenses, but they don’t give new ways to use LL‑37 for health.

Utility 2
pubmed Aug 20, 2020

Prolonged Exposure to &#x3b2;-Lactam Antibiotics Reestablishes Susceptibility of Daptomycin-Nonsusceptible Staphylococcus aureus to Daptomycin.

Jenson. Rachel E RE; Baines. Sarah L SL; Howden. Benjamin P BP; Mishra. Nagendra N NN; Farah. Sabrin...

The study found that giving certain beta‑lactam antibiotics (especially cloxacillin) to MRSA bacteria that were resistant to the drug daptomycin can make those bacteria sensitive to daptomycin again. This happens because the bacteria pick up extra changes in a gene called mprF, which also makes them easier for the natural immune peptide LL‑37 to kill.

Utility 2
pubmed Jan 2, 2020

Nanoantibiotics containing membrane-active human cathelicidin LL-37 or synthetic ceragenins attached to the surface of magnetic nanoparticles as novel and innovative therapeutic tools: current status and potential future applications.

Wnorowska. Urszula U; Fiedoruk. Krzysztof K; Piktel. Ewelina E; Prasad. Suhanya V SV; Sulik. Magdale...

Scientists are attaching the natural antimicrobial peptide LL‑37 (and similar synthetic versions) to tiny magnetic particles, creating a new kind of nano‑drug that could kill germs, fight cancer cells, and help tissue repair while possibly reducing side effects. The idea looks promising, but it’s still early‑stage research with no clear dosing or home‑use instructions yet.

Utility 2
pubmed Feb 21, 2020

Backbone Cyclization and Dimerization of LL-37-Derived Peptides Enhance Antimicrobial Activity and Proteolytic Stability.

Gunasekera. Sunithi S; Muhammad. Taj T; Str&#xf6;mstedt. Adam A AA; Rosengren. K Johan KJ; G&#xf6;ra...

Scientists made a version of the natural peptide LL‑37 called KR‑12 into a circular dimer, which makes it much better at killing bacteria and fungi and more resistant to being broken down, but it also becomes more likely to damage human cells.

Utility 2
pubmed Dec 17, 2019

Cathelicidin LL-37: A new important molecule in the pathophysiology of systemic lupus erythematosus.

Moreno-Angarita. Alejandro A; Arag&#xf3;n. Cristian C CC; Tob&#xf3;n. Gabriel J GJ

LL-37 is a natural antimicrobial peptide that also messes with the immune system. In lupus patients it can bind DNA and form complexes that trigger immune cells (pDCs) to release a lot of type I interferon, which fuels the disease. This makes LL-37 a possible marker for lupus activity, but the paper doesn’t give any tips on how to use it for health hacks.

Utility 2
pubmed Jun 22, 2020

Cathelicidins Mitigate Staphylococcus aureus Mastitis and Reduce Bacterial Invasion in Murine Mammary Epithelium.

Cavalcante. Paloma Araujo PA; Knight. Cameron G CG; Tan. Yi-Lin YL; Monteiro. Ana Paula Alves APA; B...

In mice, the natural antimicrobial peptide LL‑37 (and its mouse version) helps fight Staph aureus infections in the breast tissue. Mice that can’t make this peptide get worse infections, while giving a synthetic version reduces bacterial entry into cells and even kills the bacteria in lab dishes. The work suggests LL‑37 could be a useful anti‑infection tool, but it’s still early‑stage and only tested in animals.

Utility 2
pubmed Sep 16, 2020

Psoriasis and Antimicrobial Peptides.

Takahashi. Toshiya T; Yamasaki. Kenshi K

The study shows that the natural peptide LL‑37, which is part of our immune system, can actually fuel the skin inflammation seen in psoriasis by binding to our own DNA and RNA and turning on immune cells. This means that adding extra LL‑37 (as a supplement or drug) could make psoriasis worse, rather than help.

Utility 2
pubmed Jul 7, 2020

Chlamydial-Secreted Protease Chlamydia High Temperature Requirement Protein A (cHtrA) Degrades Human Cathelicidin LL-37 and Suppresses Its Anti-Chlamydial Activity.

Dong. Xiaohua X; Zhang. Wanxing W; Hou. Jianmei J; Ma. Miaomiao M; Zhu. Congzhong C; Wang. Huiping H...

The study shows that the human antimicrobial peptide LL‑37 can kill the sexually transmitted bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis, but the bacteria release an enzyme (cHtrA) that chops up LL‑37, making it ineffective. Mutated versions of the enzyme can't do this, and the effect is the same across several Chlamydia strains.

Utility 2
pubmed Apr 21, 2020

Antimicrobial Peptide Omiganan Enhances Interferon Responses to Endosomal Toll-Like Receptor Ligands in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells.

Grievink. Hendrika W HW; Jirka. Silvana M G SMG; Woutman. Tess D TD; Schoonakker. Mascha M; Rissmann...

A lab study found that the synthetic peptide omiganan can boost the body's antiviral signaling (type I interferon) when immune cells are triggered by certain viral‑like sensors. The effect seems to come mainly from a special immune cell type called plasmacytoid dendritic cells. While this hints that omiganan could one day help fight viral infections, the research is still early and done only in test‑tube cells.

Utility 2
pubmed Sep 2, 2019

Synthetic cathelicidin LL-37 reduces Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis internalization and pro-inflammatory cytokines in macrophages.

Cirone. Karina M KM; Lahiri. Priyoshi P; Holani. Ravi R; Tan. Yi Lin YL; Arrazuria. Rakel R; De Buck...

A lab study showed that a synthetic version of the human peptide LL‑37 can help mouse immune cells clear a cattle‑related bacterial infection (MAP) and lower some inflammatory signals. The work is done in cell culture, not in people, and it doesn’t give a dosing plan or safety data for human use.

Utility 2
pubmed Aug 26, 2019

Superoxide Dismutase 3 Inhibits LL-37/KLK-5-Mediated Skin Inflammation through Modulation of EGFR and Associated Inflammatory Cascades.

Agrahari. Gaurav G; Sah. Shyam Kishor SK; Nguyen. Cuong Thach CT; Choi. Sung Sik SS; Kim. Hae-Young...

Scientists found that an enzyme called superoxide dismutase 3 (SOD3) can calm down skin inflammation caused by the antimicrobial peptide LL‑37 and the enzyme KLK‑5. In lab cells and mice, adding SOD3 reduced redness, swelling, and the chemical signals that drive skin irritation.

Utility 2
pubmed Nov 14, 2019

Effects of the Antimicrobial Peptide LL-37 and Innate Effector Mechanisms in Colistin-Resistant <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> With <i>mgrB</i> Insertions.

Al-Farsi. Hissa M HM; Al-Adwani. Salma S; Ahmed. Sultan S; Vogt. Carmen C; Ambikan. Anoop T AT; Lebe...

The study looked at whether bacteria that are resistant to the antibiotic colistin are also tougher against the natural human peptide LL‑37. They found that resistant Klebsiella strains do survive a bit better when LL‑37 is present at high doses, but at normal body‑level concentrations there’s no real difference, and the bacteria’s ability to cause infection stays the same.

Utility 2
pubmed Nov 9, 2019

Effects of cigarette smoke on barrier function and tight junction proteins in the bronchial epithelium: protective role of cathelicidin LL-37.

Tatsuta. Miyoko M; Kan-O. Keiko K; Ishii. Yumiko Y; Yamamoto. Norio N; Ogawa. Tomohiro T; Fukuyama....

Scientists tested a human antimicrobial peptide called LL-37 on airway cells exposed to cigarette‑smoke chemicals. The smoke damaged the cells' barrier and lowered important tight‑junction proteins. Adding LL-37 helped keep the barrier intact and prevented loss of some of those proteins, while standard asthma drugs only partially helped.

Utility 2
pubmed Dec 10, 2019

Synergistic Anti-Staphylococcal Activity Of Niosomal Recombinant Lysostaphin-LL-37.

Sadeghi. Somayeh S; Bakhshandeh. Haleh H; Ahangari Cohan. Reza R; Peirovi. Afshin A; Ehsani. Parasto...

Researchers combined two antimicrobial agents—lysostaphin (an enzyme) and the peptide LL-37—inside tiny lipid‑like carriers called niosomes. In lab tests against Staphylococcus aureus, the combined niosomal formulation kept the bacteria from growing for up to three days, while the same amounts of the free agents lost effectiveness after a short time. The niosomes were safe for normal skin cells at the effective doses.