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Cathelicidin, hCAP-18, FALL-39, CAP-18
An antimicrobial peptide of the cathelicidin family that provides innate immune defense by killing pathogens and modulating inflammation and wound healing.
Parameswaran. Ganapathi Iyer GI; Sethi. Sanjay S; Murphy. Timothy F TF
In people with COPD, when new harmful bacteria show up in the lungs, the natural antimicrobial peptide LL‑37 goes up during flare‑ups, while other defense proteins like lysozyme and SLPI tend to drop. This suggests LL‑37 is part of the body’s immediate response to infection, but the study didn’t test any treatments or supplements.
Redfern. Rachel L RL; Reins. Rose Y RY; McDermott. Alison M AM
The study shows that eye‑surface cells have receptors (TLRs) that can be triggered to make more of the natural antimicrobial peptide LL‑37, which can kill the harmful bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa in lab dishes. This effect is strongest when a specific TLR3 activator is used, and the produced LL‑37 also reduces some of the receptors themselves.
Meyer-Hoffert. Ulf U; Schröder. Jens-Michael JM
The paper explains that skin enzymes called proteases, especially KLK5, increase the inflammatory peptide LL‑37, which is higher in rosacea. Too much KLK5 activity can worsen redness, so blocking these enzymes might improve skin barrier and reduce rosacea symptoms.
Rivas-Santiago. Bruno B; Trujillo. Valentín V; Montoya. Alejandra A; Gonzalez-Curiel. Irma I; C...
The study found that diabetic foot ulcers have high levels of some antimicrobial proteins (beta‑defensins) but very low or no levels of the peptide LL‑37, which helps fight infections and heal wounds. In lab tests, skin cells from these ulcers also made less LL‑37 when exposed to bacteria compared to healthy skin cells.
Wang. Guangshun G
Scientists used a big peptide database to design short proteins that can kill HIV or antibiotic‑resistant bacteria. They found anti‑HIV peptides need many arginine residues and a disulfide link, while anti‑MRSA peptides are straight chains rich in leucine. The detailed 3‑D structure of the natural peptide LL‑37 was solved, giving clues on how it attacks microbes.
Phattarataratip. E E; Olson. B B; Broffitt. B B; Qian. F F; Brogden. K A KA; Drake. D R DR; Levy. S...
The study shows that some strains of the cavity‑causing bacteria Streptococcus mutans can resist the natural mouth‑defense peptide LL‑37 (and other similar peptides) better than other strains, especially in kids who have cavities. Adding multiple antimicrobial peptides together works better than each alone, but the amount of these peptides naturally found in saliva varies a lot and doesn’t predict who gets cavities.
McNally. P P; Coughlan. C C; Bergsson. G G; Doyle. M M; Taggart. C C; Adorini. L L; Uskokovic. M R M...
The study shows that active vitamin D and similar compounds can lower inflammation markers (IL-6, IL-8) in cystic fibrosis lung cells and boost the body's own antimicrobial peptide LL‑37, but the work was done in cell cultures, not people. This suggests vitamin D might help calm lung inflammation and strengthen innate immunity, though more human research is needed before specific protocols can be recommended.
Zuyderduyn. Suzanne S; Ninaber. Dennis K DK; Schrumpf. Jasmijn A JA; van Sterkenburg. Marianne Aja M...
The study found that exposing airway cells to the immune signals IL‑4 or IL‑13 during their development makes them produce more of the antimicrobial peptide LL‑37 and another peptide called hBD‑2, which together boost the cells' ability to kill bacteria like Pseudomonas aeruginosa. However, this was done in lab-grown cells, not in people, so it doesn’t give a direct recipe for increasing LL‑37 in your own body.
Gutiérrez. Ana A; Holler. Ernst E; Zapater. Pedro P; Sempere. Laura L; Jover. Rodrigo R; Pé...
In people with Crohn's disease, bits of bacterial DNA can leak into the blood, and this triggers the immune system to make more of the antimicrobial peptide LL‑37 (and β‑defensin 2). The rise is strongest in patients who have a normal NOD2 gene, while those with NOD2 mutations show a different regulation pattern. The study shows a link between gut‑derived bacterial DNA, immune peptides, and inflammation, but it doesn’t test any new treatments.
Braun. Benedikt J BJ; Slowik. Alexander A; Leib. Stephen L SL; Lucius. Ralph R; Varoga. Deike D; Wru...
In a rat model of bacterial meningitis, the study found that two brain cell receptors, MARCO and FPRL1, help trigger the production of the antimicrobial peptide LL‑37 (called rCRAMP in rats). When these receptors were blocked, LL‑37 and inflammatory signals dropped, showing they’re key players in the brain’s immune response to bacterial infection.
Oottamasathien. Siam S; Jia. Wanjian W; McCoard. Lindsi L; Slack. Sean S; Zhang. Jianxing J; Skardal...
In mice, a naturally occurring peptide called LL‑37 can cause bladder inflammation, but a specially designed sulfated sugar molecule (GM‑1111) can stop or lessen that inflammation, especially if used before the damage starts. This shows a possible new way to protect the bladder, though it’s still early‑stage and not yet tested in people.
Shirin. Tahmina T; Rahman. Arman A; Danielsson. Åke Å; Uddin. Taher T; Bhuyian. Taufiqur R...
During a severe diarrhea infection like cholera, the gut’s natural antimicrobial peptide LL‑37 drops in the lining even though the body keeps making its messenger RNA, while another peptide, hBD‑2, spikes and shows up in stool. This shows the gut’s innate defenses shift during illness, but it doesn’t give new ways to boost LL‑37 directly.
Lippross. Sebastian S; Klueter. Tim T; Steubesand. Nadine N; Oestern. Stefanie S; Mentlein. Rolf R;...
After severe injuries, people's blood becomes much better at killing bacteria because it contains higher levels of natural antimicrobial proteins like LL‑37, hBD‑2, and hBD‑3. The study shows these tiny proteins, not big immune factors, are responsible for the boost, and their levels rise in sync with inflammation signals.
Gambichler. T T; Kobus. S S; Kobus. A A; Tigges. C C; Scola. N N; Altmeyer. P P; Kreuter. A A; Becha...
A 6‑week course of the prescription drug etanercept, which blocks the inflammation signal TNF‑α, lowered both skin severity and the levels of antimicrobial peptides like LL‑37 in people with psoriasis.
Bechara. Falk G FG; Sand. Michael M; Skrygan. Marina M; Kreuter. Alexander A; Altmeyer. Peter P; Gam...
The study looked at skin samples from people with hidradenitis suppurativa (acne inversa) and found that the antimicrobial peptide LL-37, along with other immune molecules, is higher in the inflamed lesions compared to healthy skin. This suggests the body's innate immune system, including LL-37, plays a role in the disease, but the research does not test LL-37 as a treatment.
Donati. Manuela M; Di Francesco. Antonietta A; Di Paolo. Maria M; Fiani. Natascia N; Benincasa. Moni...
The study tested six antimicrobial peptides against the bacteria Simkania negevensis. Five of them worked at very low doses, but the popular peptide LL‑37 did not work even at high doses. This shows LL‑37 isn’t effective against this particular microbe, while other cathelicidins are much stronger.
Chang. Ting-Wei TW; Lin. Yu-Ming YM; Wang. Chiu-Feng CF; Liao. You-Di YD
The study shows that a bacterial surface protein called Lpp grabs onto LL‑37 and other positively‑charged antimicrobial peptides, making the bacteria more vulnerable. This binding works even in salty conditions and isn’t stopped by common metal ions, but can be blocked with antibodies against Lpp. The findings mainly explain how LL‑37 kills certain Gram‑negative bacteria, not how it works in the human body.
Ratajczak. Mariusz Z MZ; Kim. Chihwa C; Janowska-Wieczorek. Anna A; Ratajczak. Janina J
The study shows that getting blood stem cells to the bone marrow isn’t just about one signal (SDF‑1). Other molecules like certain lipids, ATP, and immune peptides such as LL‑37 also help guide these cells, especially after the marrow has been pre‑treated for a transplant.
Gao. Jiange J; Hu. Zongli Z; Zhao. Zhiping Z; Liu. Guanglei G; Ren. Yanrong Y; Chen. Guoping G
Scientists built a new protein that mixes the antimicrobial peptide LL‑37 with pieces that block clotting and platelet clumping. In lab tests it killed bacteria, stopped platelets from sticking together, and was better at stopping thrombin (a clotting enzyme) than natural hirudin. It’s an early‑stage, lab‑only result, not a ready‑to‑use supplement or treatment.
Chouinard. François F; Turcotte. Caroline C; Guan. Xiaochun X; Larose. Marie-Chantal MC; Poirie...
The study shows that two naturally occurring lipids, 2‑arachidonoyl‑glycerol (2‑AG) and arachidonic acid (AA), can quickly turn into a signaling molecule (LTB4) that makes neutrophils release antimicrobial proteins, including a tiny amount of the peptide LL‑37. The released substances can block the spread of common bacteria (E. coli, S. aureus) and viruses (HSV‑1, RSV) in lab tests. However, the effect depends on a specific receptor (BLT1) and not on the usual cannabinoid receptors, and the amount of LL‑37 produced is very low.