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Cathelicidin, hCAP-18, FALL-39, CAP-18
An antimicrobial peptide of the cathelicidin family that provides innate immune defense by killing pathogens and modulating inflammation and wound healing.
Zanetti. Margherita M
LL-37 is a natural protein fragment that kills microbes and also calls immune cells to sites of infection, helps skin wounds heal faster, and changes how some immune cells behave. Similar peptides in pigs and cows do related things like promoting blood vessel growth or killing abnormal cells. The study mainly describes what these peptides do in the body, not how to use them safely as a supplement or therapy.
Nizet. V V; Ohtake. T T; Lauth. X X; Trowbridge. J J; Rudisill. J J; Dorschner. R A RA; Pestonjamasp...
This study shows that the natural antimicrobial peptide LL‑37 (and its mouse version CRAMP) helps protect skin from serious bacterial infections in mice, proving it’s an important part of the body’s first‑line defense.
Bals. R R
LL‑37 is a natural peptide made by airway cells and immune cells that can kill microbes and also helps control inflammation, wound healing, and other immune processes. The paper reviews how these peptides work and suggests they could be used as new drug templates, but it doesn’t give specific dosing or supplement advice.
Islam. D D; Bandholtz. L L; Nilsson. J J; Wigzell. H H; Christensson. B B; Agerberth. B B; Gudmundss...
During early Shigella infection, the body lowers the production of two key antimicrobial peptides, LL‑37 and human beta‑defensin‑1, which may let the bacteria stick to and invade gut cells. The study shows this happens both in patient tissue samples and lab-grown cells, and points to Shigella plasmid DNA as a trigger.
Lehrer. Robert I RI; Ganz. Tomas T
LL-37 is a natural peptide your body makes in immune cells and many other tissues. It can kill microbes and attract other immune cells, and scientists are looking at similar peptides as new medicines. Some animal versions have helped protect the heart in mice and reduce mouth sores during cancer treatment, but there’s no proven way for you to use LL-37 safely yet.
Fahy. R J RJ; Wewers. M D MD
LL-37 is a natural antimicrobial peptide that helps protect the lungs by killing germs and calming inflammation. Scientists are looking at it as a possible treatment for things like cystic fibrosis, oral sores, and severe infections, but the paper is a review and doesn’t give specific dosing or how to use it at home.
McPhee. Joseph B JB; Lewenza. Shawn S; Hancock. Robert E W RE
The study found that the human antimicrobial peptide LL‑37, like other positively‑charged peptides, triggers a bacterial sensor system (PmrA‑PmrB) in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, making the bacteria more resistant to those same peptides. In plain terms, giving LL‑37 to fight infection could actually help the bug learn to dodge it, which is a caution for anyone thinking about using LL‑37 as a supplement or antibiotic.
Di Nardo. Anna A; Vitiello. Antonella A; Gallo. Richard L RL
Mast cells, a type of immune cell, make the natural antibiotic peptide LL‑37 (cathelicidin). When they sense bacterial signals, they boost LL‑37 production, and this peptide is crucial for killing bacteria like group A strep. Mice lacking the gene for LL‑37 in mast cells are about half as good at killing these bacteria, showing LL‑37 is a key part of the mast cell’s antimicrobial arsenal.
Weinberg. A A; Krisanaprakornkit. S S; Dale. B A BA
This paper explains that our mouth’s lining makes natural antibiotics like LL‑37 and beta‑defensins, which help keep harmful microbes away and control inflammation. It shows these peptides are already present in gums and tongue and may be key to fighting oral infections, hinting they could become new treatments someday.
Lusitani. Denise D; Malawista. Stephen E SE; Montgomery. Ruth R RR
The study shows that the human antimicrobial peptide LL‑37 can kill the Lyme disease bacteria Borrelia burgdorferi in lab tests, but it’s just an early‑stage finding and doesn’t tell you how to use it in people.
Marchini. G G; Lindow. S S; Brismar. H H; Ståbi. B B; Berggren. V V; Ulfgren. A-K AK; Lonne-Rah...
The study shows that newborn babies already have strong natural antimicrobial defenses: the peptide LL‑37 and other antibacterial proteins are found in their skin and the creamy coating called vernix, and they can kill bacteria. In babies with a common skin rash (erythema toxicum), LL‑37 levels go up, suggesting it helps fight infection.
Chen. Christiane I-U CI; Schaller-Bals. Susanne S; Paul. Karl P KP; Wahn. Ulrich U; Bals. Robert R
In people with cystic fibrosis, higher levels of the antimicrobial peptide LL‑37 in lung fluid are linked to more inflammation and worse lung function, while lower levels of other peptides (beta‑defensins) show up as the disease gets worse.
Yasin. B B; Pang. M M; Turner. J S JS; Cho. Y Y; Dinh. N N NN; Waring. A J AJ; Lehrer. R I RI; Wagar...
The study found that LL‑37, a common human antimicrobial peptide, barely stopped herpes simplex virus (HSV‑1 or HSV‑2) from infecting cells, so it isn’t useful as an anti‑herpes supplement. Some other natural peptides did work, but many are toxic or need more research.
Murakami. Masamoto M; Dorschner. Robert A RA; Stern. Lauren J LJ; Lin. Kenneth H KH; Gallo. Richard...
The study shows that the antimicrobial peptide LL-37 is naturally produced in the mammary gland and ends up in human milk, where it can kill common bacteria like Staph aureus and E. coli. This confirms that LL-37 contributes to milk’s natural infection‑fighting properties.
Fernie-King. Barbara A BA; Seilly. David J DJ; Lachmann. Peter J PJ
The study shows that a bacterial protein called SIC can block the antimicrobial activity of several human beta‑defensins (hBD‑1, hBD‑2, hBD‑3) and also the cathelicidin LL‑37, which are natural peptides that help kill harmful bacteria. SIC binds strongly to hBD‑2 and hBD‑3, but not to hBD‑1, and this binding is affected by the salt level of the surrounding fluid.
Niyonsaba. François F; Ushio. Hiroko H; Nagaoka. Isao I; Okumura. Ko K; Ogawa. Hideoki H
The study shows that the skin peptide LL-37 (and some related defensins) makes skin cells release a signaling molecule called IL-18 by turning on specific cell pathways (p38 and ERK). This happens quickly (within a few hours) and works better when the peptides are combined. The effect does not need the usual enzyme (caspase‑1) that usually helps release IL‑18.
Harrison. Jodie M JM; Ramshaw. Ian A IA
People with atopic dermatitis (eczema) are more likely to get viral infections because the chemicals in their skin stop the body from making the natural antimicrobial peptide LL‑37, which helps fight viruses like smallpox.
Murakami. Masamoto M; Ohtake. Takaaki T; Dorschner. Robert A RA; Schittek. Birgit B; Garbe. Claus C;...
Researchers found that the antimicrobial peptide LL-37, part of the cathelicidin family, is naturally produced in human sweat and helps kill a wide range of bacteria. This adds to the known skin defense provided by another peptide called dermcidin.
Fang. HuaLi H; Hou. YingDou Y; Zhuang. Hui H; Wang. ChengHong C
The study shows that people with psoriasis who have more Malassezia fungus on their skin also have higher levels of the antimicrobial peptide LL‑37 and inflammatory signals (IL‑23, IL‑17A, TNF‑α), which makes their skin condition worse. Treating the fungus with an antifungal drug (ketoconazole) lowered the skin inflammation and improved the psoriasis severity score.
Kozlowska. Elzbieta E; Wysokinski. Adam A; Majewski. Karol K; Agier. Justyna J; Margulska. Aleksandr...
The study measured the blood protein LL‑37 in people with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, pneumonia, tuberculosis and healthy folks. It found that people with schizophrenia had lower LL‑37 than those with bipolar disorder or TB, while bipolar patients had higher levels than infection groups. The authors think these differences reflect a broader imbalance in the body’s immune and metabolic systems that might relate to mental illness.