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Cathelicidin, hCAP-18, FALL-39, CAP-18
An antimicrobial peptide of the cathelicidin family that provides innate immune defense by killing pathogens and modulating inflammation and wound healing.
Agerberth. B B; Buentke. E E; Bergman. P P; Eshaghi. H H; Gabrielsson. S S; Gudmundsson. G H GH; Sch...
The study found that a skin yeast called Malassezia sympodialis makes immune cells (dendritic cells) release more of the natural antibiotic peptide LL‑37, but only in people with severe atopic eczema. Healthy people’s cells didn’t show this increase.
Kaus. Aljoscha A; Jacobsen. Frank F; Sorkin. Michael M; Rittig. Andrea A; Voss. Bruno B; Daigeler. A...
The study looked at how the body’s natural antimicrobial peptide LL‑37 (and a few other skin peptides) is produced in burned skin compared to normal skin. They found that burned skin makes more of these peptides, but this increase didn’t seem to prevent infections, suggesting the skin’s innate immune response is complicated.
Rieg. Siegbert S; Seeber. Silke S; Steffen. Heiko H; Humeny. Andreas A; Kalbacher. Hubert H; Stevano...
The study shows that sweat contains many stable antimicrobial fragments of the protein dermcidin, especially in areas prone to infection, but it does NOT contain meaningful amounts of the well‑known peptide LL‑37 or other common antimicrobial peptides.
Torres-Ruiz. Jiram J; Carrillo-Vázquez. Daniel Alberto DA; Tapia-Rodríguez. Miguel M; Garc...
The study shows that people with active adult‑onset Still's disease have more of certain immune cells (low‑density granulocytes) and release more neutrophil traps (NETs) that contain inflammatory proteins like HMGB‑1. While the peptide LL‑37 was measured in these traps, the research didn’t find a clear link to disease activity, so there’s no direct advice for health‑optimizing routines.
Jia. Wanjian W; Schults. Austin J AJ; Jensen. Mark Martin MM; Ye. Xiangyang X; Alt. Jeremiah A JA; P...
Researchers gave mice a peptide called LL-37 in their bladders and found that higher doses caused more pain, and the pain kept getting worse over a week, even though the usual signs of inflammation didn’t match the pain levels. This shows that LL-37 can trigger bladder discomfort in a dose‑dependent way that isn’t directly tied to inflammation.
Qian. Lei L; Chen. Wei W; Sun. Wen W; Li. Ming M; Zheng. Renshan R; Qian. Qing Q; Lv. Lianzheng L
The study shows that the natural peptide LL‑37, when combined with a bacterial component called peptidoglycan, pushes immune cells (monocytes) toward a more inflammatory type that may worsen a form of psoriasis. This effect was seen in lab experiments and linked to higher inflammation markers in patients with the skin condition.
Gombart. A F AF; Shiohara. M M; Kwok. S H SH; Agematsu. K K; Komiyama. A A; Koeffler. H P HP
A rare genetic mutation in the C/EBP‑epsilon gene stops the body from making a protein that controls the production of the antimicrobial peptide LL‑37, leading to faulty neutrophils and severe infections. This study shows how the mutation is inherited and why LL‑37 levels drop in affected people.
Shafer. W M WM; Qu. X X; Waring. A J AJ; Lehrer. R I RI
The study shows that the bacteria that cause gonorrhea can use a pump (called mtr) to push out natural antimicrobial peptides like LL‑37, making them less effective at killing the bacteria.
Bukharin. O V OV; Valyshev. A V AV
The review explains how Enterococcus bacteria protect themselves from the body’s natural antimicrobial peptides like LL‑37 by altering their cell wall, changing surface charge, using a special sigma factor, and even breaking down the peptides. This is mainly basic science about bacterial resistance, not a guide for using LL‑37 as a supplement.
Okumura. Kazuhiko K; Itoh. Akifumi A; Isogai. Emiko E; Hirose. Kimiharu K; Hosokawa. Yoichiro Y; Abi...
A short piece of the human antimicrobial peptide LL-37 (called hCAP18(109-135)) can kill oral cancer cells in a dish by triggering a type of cell death that doesn't involve the usual caspase enzymes, while leaving normal gum cells unharmed. This effect is linked to messing up the cancer cells' mitochondria.
Erdag. Gulsun G; Morgan. Jeffrey R JR
Adding the immune signals IL‑1α or IL‑6 to lab‑grown skin grafts makes the cells produce more natural antibiotics like LL‑37 and helps the grafts kill common wound bacteria without hurting skin formation.
Xie. Dan D; Guo. Yunkai Y; Wu. Dan D; Xie. Dinghua D
The study shows that people with chronic sinusitis and nasal polyps have higher levels of the antimicrobial peptide LL‑37 and the inflammation marker IL‑8 in the polyp tissue compared to normal nasal tissue, suggesting LL‑37 is part of the local immune response in this condition.
Poindexter. Brian J BJ; Klein. Gordon L GL; Milner. Stephen M SM; Bick. Roger J RJ
The study looked at a sheep gut after a burn injury and found that the natural antimicrobial protein LL‑37 and similar peptides are normally spread throughout the intestine, especially in the lining. After the burn, some of these peptides increased in certain gut layers while LL‑37 dropped in others, showing the body’s response to injury.
Poindexter. Brian J BJ
The study used fancy 3‑D microscopy to map where the natural antimicrobial peptide LL‑37 and other defensins sit in healthy skin and in burned skin. It shows LL‑37 is mostly in the outer skin layer and sweat ducts normally, and piles up in sweat duct cells after a burn. The work is mainly about imaging, not about how to use LL‑37 for health.
Armogida. Sheila A SA; Yannaras. Niki M NM; Melton. Alton L AL; Srivastava. Maya D MD
The study found that human breast milk is packed with natural antimicrobial proteins like defensins and the gene for the peptide LL-37, especially in early milk, but it doesn’t give any guidance on using LL-37 as a supplement or therapy for adults.
Paulsen. F P FP; Pufe. T T; Schaudig. U U; Held-Feindt. J J; Lehmann. J J; Schröder. J M JM; Ti...
The study looked at which natural antimicrobial proteins are made in the tear‑drainage tubes of the eye. It found that the peptide LL‑37 isn’t produced there, while other defenses like BPI, CAP37 and some defensins are, and inflammation changes which ones appear. This means LL‑37 isn’t a natural player in eye‑tube health, and using it there could have risks.
Bülow. Elinor E; Bengtsson. Niklas N; Calafat. Jero J; Gullberg. Urban U; Olsson. Inge I
Scientists forced certain immune cells to constantly produce the protein hCAP-18, which normally lives in neutrophil granules. They found the protein can end up in other storage compartments and be released early as the active peptide LL‑37, especially when the cells aren't fully mature. This shows that simply boosting cathelicidin levels doesn’t guarantee it will be stored or released in the expected way.
Yoshio. Hiroyuki H; Tollin. Maria M; Gudmundsson. Gudmunder H GH; Lagercrantz. Hugo H; Jornvall. Han...
Researchers found that newborn skin coating (vernix) and amniotic fluid contain several natural antimicrobial peptides, including LL‑37, defensins, lysozyme, ubiquitin, and psoriasin, which help protect babies from infections at birth.
Sambri. Vittorio V; Marangoni. Antonella A; Giacani. Lorenzo L; Gennaro. Renato R; Murgia. Rossella...
The study tested five lab-made versions of natural antimicrobial peptides, including LL-37, to see how well they stop the movement and kill three types of disease‑causing spirochete bacteria. The results showed that the peptides worked very differently depending on the bacterial species and strain, with LL-37 being the least effective and needing much higher concentrations to have any effect.
Zetterström. Rolf R
People with the rare Kostmann syndrome get a blood problem that is treated with a growth factor, but they still lack a natural antibiotic peptide called LL‑37 in their white blood cells and saliva, which may keep them prone to mouth infections.