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LL-37

Cathelicidin, hCAP-18, FALL-39, CAP-18

An antimicrobial peptide of the cathelicidin family that provides innate immune defense by killing pathogens and modulating inflammation and wound healing.

Quick Stats
Studies 2230
Trials 95
Formula C205H340N60O53
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pubmed Jan 15, 2021

Short communication: Algicide activity of antimicrobial peptides compounds against Prototheca bovis.

Sperotto. V R VR; Denardi. L B LB; Weiblen. C C; de Jesus. F P K FPK; Dorneles. M R MR; Ianiski. L B...

Researchers tested several antimicrobial peptides, including LL‑37, against a cow‑related infection called Prototheca bovis. Some peptides stopped the microbe from growing at low concentrations, suggesting they could be used to treat this animal disease, but the study doesn’t give any guidance for human health or everyday biohacking.

pubmed Jun 10, 2020

Can Salivary Biomarkers Be Used as Predictors of Dental Caries in Young Adolescents?

Stojković. Branislava B; Igić. Marija M; Jevtović Stoimenov. Tatjana T; Trič...

The study looked at whether saliva proteins like LL‑37 can predict cavities in 11‑13‑year‑olds and found they don’t add any useful info. Instead, simple factors like being female, mom’s education level, lower saliva pH, and especially how well kids keep their teeth clean predict cavities better.

pubmed Sep 17, 2019

Sputum microbiota and inflammation at stable state and during exacerbations in a cohort of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients.

Tangedal. Solveig S; Nielsen. Rune R; Aanerud. Marianne M; Persson. Louise J LJ; Wiker. Harald G HG;...

This study looked at people with COPD and measured how the bacteria in their lungs and certain immune proteins, including the antimicrobial peptide LL‑37, change when they are stable versus when they have a flare‑up. They found that both the bacterial mix and levels of LL‑37 and other inflammation markers shift during flare‑ups, but the patterns are highly personal and not consistent across the group.

pubmed 2019

Exposure to low-dose arsenic in early life alters innate immune function in children.

Parvez. Faruque F; Akhtar. Evana E; Khan. Lamia L; Haq. Md Ahsanul MA; Islam. Tariqul T; Ahmed. Dilr...

This study looked at Bangladeshi children who were exposed to low levels of arsenic early in life and measured how their innate immune system worked. It found that higher arsenic levels were linked to higher blood levels of the natural antimicrobial peptide LL‑37, but also to weaker ability of immune cells to kill bacteria and altered cytokine patterns. The research suggests that early arsenic exposure can mess up the body’s first line of defense, which might affect health later on.

pubmed Jul 22, 2019

Synergistic effects of LFchimera and antibiotic against planktonic and biofilm form of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans.

Lachica. Marie Rossini Carmela T MRCT; Anutrakunchai. Chitchanok C; Prajaneh. Saengsome S; Nazmi. Ka...

The study tested a special protein fragment called LFchimera, alone and together with the antibiotic doxycycline, against a gum‑disease bacterium. Alone, LFchimera killed the bacteria well, while low‑dose doxycycline didn’t work and even helped the bugs grow. When mixed, the two worked together (synergy) and dramatically cut down bacterial sticking and biofilm formation on surfaces. This suggests LFchimera could become a new gum‑health aid, especially when paired with doxycycline.

pubmed Mar 19, 2019

Cell-Free DNA as a Biomarker in Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases.

Duvvuri. Bhargavi B; Lood. Christian C

The paper talks about pieces of DNA that float around in the blood (cell‑free DNA) and how they might be used to track autoimmune diseases like lupus and rheumatoid arthritis. It mentions that this DNA can come from the cell nucleus or mitochondria, and that it often sticks to proteins such as LL‑37. While the science is interesting, it doesn’t give any tips you can use right now for longevity, metabolism, or performance.

pubmed Jan 23, 2019

Role of Two-Component System Response Regulator <i>bceR</i> in the Antimicrobial Resistance, Virulence, Biofilm Formation, and Stress Response of Group B Streptococcus.

Yang. Ying Y; Luo. Mingjing M; Zhou. Haokui H; Li. Carmen C; Luk. Alison A; Zhao. GuoPing G; Fung. K...

Scientists discovered that a gene called bceR in Group B Strep bacteria helps the bug survive antibiotics and the human immune peptide LL‑37, makes it more deadly, and lets it form protective biofilms. Removing this gene makes the bacteria far weaker and easier to kill.

pubmed Apr 16, 2019

Application of Cerebrospinal Fluid Host Protein Biosignatures in the Diagnosis of Tuberculous Meningitis in Children from a High Burden Setting.

Manyelo. Charles M CM; Solomons. Regan S RS; Snyders. Candice I CI; Manngo. Portia M PM; Mutavhatsin...

Researchers tested a set of proteins in spinal fluid to see if they could reliably tell whether kids with meningitis had tuberculosis. They found that swapping some proteins (including LL‑37) for others improved the test’s accuracy, but the work is about diagnosing disease, not about using LL‑37 as a supplement or therapy.

pubmed Mar 29, 2018

Urinary antimicrobial peptides: Potential novel biomarkers of obstructive uropathy.

Gupta. S S; Jackson. A R AR; DaJusta. D G DG; McLeod. D J DJ; Alpert. S A SA; Jayanthi. V R VR; McHu...

A small study measured LL-37 and other antimicrobial peptides in the urine of children with kidney‑pipe blockage and found they were higher than in healthy kids, indicating these peptides could serve as markers of urinary tract stress, but the research does not provide any actionable advice for health optimization.

pubmed Jul 8, 2019

D-LL-31 in combination with ceftazidime synergistically enhances bactericidal activity and biofilm destruction in <i>Burkholderia pseudomallei</i>.

Wongkaewkhiaw. Saharut S; Taweechaisupapong. Suwimol S; Anutrakunchai. Chitchanok C; Nazmi. Kamran K...

Scientists found that a synthetic version of the natural peptide LL‑37 (called D‑LL‑31) works together with the antibiotic ceftazidime to kill the bacteria that cause melioidosis more effectively and to break down the protective biofilm they form.

pubmed Aug 20, 2018

The C. difficile clnRAB operon initiates adaptations to the host environment in response to LL-37.

Woods. Emily C EC; Edwards. Adrianne N AN; Childress. Kevin O KO; Jones. Joshua B JB; McBride. Shonn...

The study shows that the gut bacterium C. difficile can detect the human antimicrobial peptide LL-37 and uses a special gene system (clnRAB) to change its behavior and survive in the intestine. This mechanism helps the bacteria adapt during infection but does not provide any direct guidance for using LL-37 as a supplement or therapy.

pubmed Jan 11, 2018

Listeria monocytogenes endocarditis: case report, review of the literature, and laboratory evaluation of potential novel antibiotic synergies.

Kumaraswamy. Monika M; Do. Carter C; Sakoulas. George G; Nonejuie. Poochit P; Tseng. Guan Woei GW; K...

The study looked at new antibiotic combos (ampicillin + ceftriaxone or ampicillin + daptomycin) for a rare heart infection caused by Listeria. While these combos showed lab synergy, they did not make the natural immune peptide LL‑37 work better against the bacteria.

pubmed Mar 27, 2018

Mixed Communities of Mucoid and Nonmucoid <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> Exhibit Enhanced Resistance to Host Antimicrobials.

Malhotra. Sankalp S; Limoli. Dominique H DH; English. Anthony E AE; Parsek. Matthew R MR; Wozniak. D...

The study shows that in cystic fibrosis lungs, two types of Pseudomonas bacteria help each other survive: the slimy, alginate‑producing kind shields the other from the human antimicrobial peptide LL‑37, while the non‑slimy kind protects the slimy bacteria from hydrogen peroxide by sharing an enzyme called catalase.

pubmed Mar 10, 2017

SP-LL-37, human antimicrobial peptide, enhances disease resistance in transgenic rice.

Lee. In Hye IH; Jung. Yu-Jin YJ; Cho. Yong Gu YG; Nou. Ill Sup IS; Huq. Md Amdadul MA; Nogoy. Franz...

Scientists put the human antimicrobial peptide LL‑37 into rice plants and found that the modified rice was much more resistant to two common rice diseases. They confirmed the peptide was made and located in the spaces between cells, and the plants stayed healthy compared to normal rice.

pubmed Aug 11, 2016

A point mutation in AgrC determines cytotoxic or colonizing properties associated with phenotypic variants of ST22 MRSA strains.

Mairpady Shambat. Srikanth S; Siemens. Nikolai N; Monk. Ian R IR; Mohan. Disha B DB; Mukundan. Santh...

A single amino‑acid change in a bacterial sensor protein (AgrC) decides whether a MRSA strain is highly damaging or just lives on the skin. The cysteine version makes the bacteria less harmful, more resistant to the natural antimicrobial peptide LL‑37, and triggers cell cleanup, while the tyrosine version causes strong inflammation and severe skin damage.

pubmed Oct 18, 2017

RocA Is an Accessory Protein to the Virulence-Regulating CovRS Two-Component System in Group A Streptococcus.

Jain. Ira I; Miller. Eric W EW; Danger. Jessica L JL; Pflughoeft. Kathryn J KJ; Sumby. Paul P

The study shows that a bacterial protein called RocA helps the germ Streptococcus control its own virulence, and it works together with a human antimicrobial peptide, LL‑37, to influence how the bacteria respond to the host. This is mostly basic microbiology and doesn’t give any direct tips for human health or performance.

pubmed Aug 19, 2016

Transcriptional Profiling of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Exposed to In Vitro Lysosomal Stress.

Lin. Wenwei W; de Sessions. Paola Florez PF; Teoh. Garrett Hor Keong GH; Mohamed. Ahmad Naim Nazri A...

The study looked at how the tuberculosis bacteria change their gene activity when they’re put into a harsh environment inside immune cells, and it found that a specific gene (Rv1258c) helps the bacteria resist a natural antimicrobial peptide called LL‑37. Deleting this gene made the bacteria more vulnerable to LL‑37 and to killing by immune cells, but the research is focused on bacterial infection mechanisms, not on human health or supplement use.

pubmed Mar 20, 2016

Expressions of Antimicrobial Peptides LL-37, Human Beta Defensin-2 and -3 in the Lesions of Cutaneous Tuberculosis and Tuberculids.

Zhao. Zheng Z; Mu. Zhang-Lei ZL; Liu. Xi-Wan XW; Liu. Xiao-Jing XJ; Jia. Jun J; Cai. Lin L; Zhang. J...

The study looked at how certain natural antimicrobial proteins (LL‑37, HBD‑2, HBD‑3) are present in skin lesions from tuberculosis and related skin conditions, comparing them to healthy skin. It found mostly similar levels to normal skin, with some mixed signals for HBD‑2, but the sample size was tiny and the work is purely descriptive.