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Cathelicidin, hCAP-18, FALL-39, CAP-18
An antimicrobial peptide of the cathelicidin family that provides innate immune defense by killing pathogens and modulating inflammation and wound healing.
Salzer. Suzanna S; Kresse. Sonja S; Hirai. Yoji Y; Koglin. Sarah S; Reinholz. Markus M; Ruzicka. Tho...
The study shows that the natural skin peptide LL‑37 makes UVB light cause more inflammation and blood‑vessel growth in the skin, which can worsen rosacea. It does this by activating a receptor (P2X7) that boosts a fire‑alarm protein called IL‑1β.
Rahman. Sayma S; Rehn. Anders A; Rahman. Jubayer J; Andersson. Jan J; Svensson. Mattias M; Brighenti...
In people with lung TB who lack vitamin D, the natural antibiotic peptide LL‑37 is low in the infected lung tissue, while immune cells that can dampen inflammation (FoxP3+ T regs) and antibody‑producing B cells are higher. This suggests vitamin D helps the body make LL‑37, but low levels shift the immune response toward regulation and antibody production rather than direct bacterial killing.
Lee. Moonhee M; Shi. Xiaolei X; Barron. Annelise E AE; McGeer. Edith E; McGeer. Patrick L PL
The study shows that the human antimicrobial peptide LL‑37, which is naturally present in many tissues including the brain, can trigger inflammation in brain support cells and release harmful chemicals that may damage nerve cells. This suggests that boosting LL‑37 could worsen brain inflammation rather than help it.
Niemirowicz. Katarzyna K; Piktel. Ewelina E; Wilczewska. Agnieszka Z AZ; Markiewicz. Karolina H KH;...
The study shows that tiny magnetic particles can boost the killing power of the natural peptide LL‑37 (and similar synthetic compounds) against tough bacteria like MRSA and Pseudomonas, especially when used together. However, the work is done in test tubes, not in people, and the materials aren’t something most hobbyists can easily get or safely use.
Fabisiak. Adam A; Murawska. Natalia N; Fichna. Jakub J
LL-37 is a natural human peptide that kills germs and also helps steer the immune system. Scientists think it could be useful for treating skin problems, lung issues, gut disorders, and immune‑related diseases, but the paper is just a review and doesn’t give specific ways to use it.
Yılmaz. Dogukan D; Güncü. Guliz N GN; Könönen. Eija E; Barış....
People with type‑2 diabetes and gum disease have higher levels of the natural antimicrobial proteins hBD‑2, hBD‑3 and LL‑37 in their gum tissue compared to healthy people. The proteins are spread throughout the gum lining instead of being confined to specific layers, which may reflect a disturbed immune response in diabetics.
Davidopoulou. Sotiria S; Theodoridis. Haris H; Nazer. Konstantinos K; Kessopoulou. Eftichia E; Menex...
People with oral lichen planus (a mouth inflammation) have higher levels of the natural antimicrobial peptide LL‑37 in their saliva, especially when the disease is severe. Taking oral steroids lowers these LL‑37 levels and improves the lesions, while vitamins A/E or topical steroids don’t change the peptide’s amount.
Han. Tae Young TY; Kong. Tae Seok TS; Kim. Min Ho MH; Chae. Jeong Don JD; Lee. June Hyun Kyung JH; S...
In Korean kids with eczema, blood vitamin D was a bit lower than in healthy kids, and higher body weight was linked to lower vitamin D. More severe eczema was tied to lower levels of the antimicrobial peptide LL‑37, but vitamin D didn’t directly predict eczema severity or LL‑37 levels.
Kim. Sae-Hae SH; Yang. In-Young IY; Kim. Ju J; Lee. Kyung-Yeol KY; Jang. Yong-Suk YS
The study shows that the human peptide LL‑37, when attached to an antigen and taken by mouth, can boost the body’s immune response by shifting gut immune cells toward a more active, inflammation‑prone state (Th17). It does this by helping the antigen get into special gut cells (M cells) and by increasing certain immune‑signaling molecules. While this points to LL‑37’s potential as a new kind of oral vaccine booster, the work is still in mice and doesn’t give dosing or safety info for people.
Murakami. Masamoto M; Kaneko. Takaaki T; Nakatsuji. Teruaki T; Kameda. Kenji K; Okazaki. Hidenori H;...
The study found that fluid from early skin blisters in palmoplantar pustulosis contains a lot of the antimicrobial peptide LL‑37, which can trigger inflammatory signals (especially IL‑8) in skin cells and likely makes the rash worse. The fluid also has the enzyme that activates LL‑37, so the peptide can act locally to drive inflammation.
Doke. M M; Fukamachi. H H; Morisaki. H H; Arimoto. T T; Kataoka. H H; Kuwata. H H
A type of gum disease bacteria, Prevotella intermedia, makes enzymes (NucA and NucD) that can chew up the DNA nets neutrophils throw at microbes. Those nets contain the antimicrobial peptide LL‑37, so the bacteria can weaken LL‑37’s ability to kill them in the mouth.
Kim. Bo-Kyung BK; Park. Minhwa M; Kim. Ji-Yon JY; Lee. Kyung-Ho KH; Woo. So-Youn SY
The study shows that heating skin cells (like taking a hot bath) can boost the production of the antimicrobial peptide LL-37 and other inflammation‑related molecules, but this effect depends on a protein called HSP90. Blocking HSP90 with a drug stops the heat‑induced boost, suggesting the pathway is important for skin inflammation driven by IL‑17.
Wertenbruch. Svenja S; Drescher. Hannah H; Grossarth. Vera V; Kroy. Daniela D; Giebeler. Arne A; Ers...
The study found that people with chronic liver problems have higher levels of the natural antimicrobial peptide LL‑37 in their blood, and mice that lack the mouse version of this peptide (CRAMP) get worse liver damage in two disease models, suggesting LL‑37 helps protect the liver.
Lee. Lyn-Fay LF; Mariappan. Vanitha V; Vellasamy. Kumutha Malar KM; Lee. Vannajan Sanghiran VS; Vadi...
The study tested several natural antimicrobial peptides against the tough bacteria Burkholderia pseudomallei. While LL‑37 and PG‑1 killed all tested strains, the researchers focused on another peptide, Tachyplesin 1 (TP1), which also killed the bacteria quickly but also harmed human cells in lab tests.
Bociek. Karol K; Ferluga. Sara S; Mardirossian. Mario M; Benincasa. Monica M; Tossi. Alessandro A; G...
The study shows that the human antimicrobial peptide LL‑37 kills E. coli by sticking to its outer membrane, but a specific bacterial gene (waaY) can change the membrane’s sugar coating, making the bacteria bind less LL‑37 and become harder to kill. This effect is specific to LL‑37 and doesn’t happen with other similar peptides.
Niemirowicz. Katarzyna K; Prokop. Izabela I; Wilczewska. Agnieszka Z AZ; Wnorowska. Urszula U; Pikte...
Scientists linked the natural peptide LL‑37 to tiny magnetic particles and found it killed colon cancer cells more effectively in lab dishes than the peptide alone. The same boost was seen with a synthetic version called CSA‑13. While promising, this work is still early‑stage and done only in cell cultures, not in people.
Velarde. Jorge J JJ; Ashbaugh. Melissa M; Wessels. Michael R MR
The study found that the human antimicrobial peptide LL‑37 directly attaches to a sensor protein (CsrS) on the surface of Group A Strep bacteria, causing the bugs to turn on harmful genes. Even a tiny 10‑amino‑acid piece of LL‑37 can do this without killing the bacteria, showing the effect isn’t just due to membrane damage.
Xhindoli. Daniela D; Morgera. Francesca F; Zinth. Ursula U; Rizzo. Roberto R; Pacor. Sabrina S; Toss...
Scientists studied how the human immune peptide LL‑37 folds and sticks together compared to a similar monkey peptide. They found LL‑37 forms loose clusters that stay stable near cell membranes and interacts differently with charged and neutral membranes, leading to a unique way of breaking bacterial cells.
Rapala-Kozik. Maria M; Bochenska. Oliwia O; Zawrotniak. Marcin M; Wolak. Natalia N; Trebacz. Grzegor...
Candida yeast releases enzymes that chop up the human immune peptide LL‑37, weakening its ability to fight the fungus and to signal immune cells. The chopped piece, LL‑25, still kills the yeast a bit but loses important immune‑boosting effects, making the body’s defenses less effective.
Devaney. James J; Horie. Shahd S; Masterson. Claire C; Elliman. Steve S; Barry. Frank F; O'Brien. Ti...
In a rat study, giving human stem cells (MSCs) either through the bloodstream or directly into the lungs helped the animals survive a severe E. coli lung infection. The stem cells lowered lung damage, cut bacterial numbers, boosted immune cell activity, and raised levels of the natural antimicrobial peptide LL‑37. The benefits were seen even with relatively low cell doses and with frozen cells, though just the cell‑released fluid was less effective.