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Cathelicidin, hCAP-18, FALL-39, CAP-18
An antimicrobial peptide of the cathelicidin family that provides innate immune defense by killing pathogens and modulating inflammation and wound healing.
LaRock. Christopher N CN; Döhrmann. Simon S; Todd. Jordan J; Corriden. Ross R; Olson. Joshua J;...
The study shows that a protein on a dangerous type of strep bacteria (M1 protein) can grab and block the human antimicrobial peptide LL‑37, stopping it from killing the bacteria. This means the bacteria can avoid our natural defenses, especially in severe skin infections.
Matsen Ko. Laura L; Parvizi. Javad J
The study looks at new ways to spot infections around joint implants, like hip or knee replacements. It says a protein called LL‑37, along with a few other markers, might help doctors tell if an infection is present more accurately than current blood tests.
Barns. Kenneth J KJ; Weisshaar. James C JC
The study watched how the antimicrobial peptide alamethicin attacks single Bacillus subtilis bacteria. It found that the bacteria stop growing before their membranes get damaged, then lose their internal charge and finally burst open quickly. The way the peptide makes holes in the cell wall isn’t fully clear, and the researchers only briefly compare it to the human peptide LL‑37.
Tan. Tingting T; Wu. Di D; Li. Weizhong W; Zheng. Xin X; Li. Weifen W; Shan. Anshan A
Scientists made new hybrid antimicrobial peptides by mixing a base peptide (FV7) with short pieces from natural peptides. One of these hybrids, called FV‑LL, kills a wide range of bacteria, breaks their membranes, and causes less damage to human red blood cells than some other peptides. It also stops bacteria from forming biofilms, which are protective layers that make infections harder to treat.
Gela. Anele A; Bhongir. Ravi K V RK; Mori. Michiko M; Keenan. Paul P; Mörgelin. Matthias M; Erj...
In people with COPD, a protein called osteopontin builds up in the lungs and sticks to several natural antibiotics the body makes, like lactoferrin and defensins, making them less able to kill harmful bacteria. It doesn’t bind much to the peptide LL‑37, and it also can coat bacteria to protect them from being killed by lysozyme.
Nakayama-Imaohji. Haruyuki H; Hirota. Katsuhiko K; Yamasaki. Hisashi H; Yoneda. Saori S; Nariya. Hir...
The study shows that a gut bacterium, Bacteroides fragilis, can flip DNA switches to make more tiny bubbles (outer membrane vesicles) that help it survive harsh conditions like bile and the antimicrobial peptide LL‑37. When both switches are on, the bacteria become super‑protective, and exposure to bile pushes more bacteria into this resistant state. This reveals how gut microbes can adapt to the body’s natural defenses, but it doesn’t give direct advice on using LL‑37 for health purposes.
Xiong. Yan Q YQ; Yang. Soo-Jin SJ; Tong. Steven Y C SY; Alvarez. Danya N DN; Mishra. Nagendra N NN
Adding the pigment‑making genes to a normally non‑pigmented Staph strain made the bacteria produce a carotenoid and stiffen their cell walls, but surprisingly this also made them easier for the natural antimicrobial peptide LL‑37 (and hNP‑1) to kill, and they caused less severe heart infections in rabbits. The work is mainly about bacterial genetics and infection, not about how people can use LL‑37 for health.
Oguri. Tamiko T; Yeo. Won-Sik WS; Bae. Taeok T; Lee. Hyunwoo H
The study found that two bacterial proteins, EnvC and ZapB, help certain gut bacteria resist natural antimicrobial peptides like LL‑37, and when these proteins are missing the bacteria become more vulnerable, but this doesn’t change how LL‑37 works in humans.
Sakoulas. George G; Kumaraswamy. Monika M; Nonejuie. Poochit P; Werth. Brian J BJ; Rybak. Micahel J...
The study shows that deleting certain proteins in a gut bacterium makes it easier for the immune peptide LL‑37 and the antibiotic daptomycin to kill the bacteria, but it doesn’t tell us how to use LL‑37 yourself or improve health directly.
Amado. Carlos A CA; García-Unzueta. María T MT; Fariñas. M Carmen MC; Santos. Francis...
The study looked at vitamin D levels and two antimicrobial peptides (LL‑37 and β‑defensin‑2) in the blood and fluid around the lungs of people with different types of pleural effusions. It found that low vitamin D is common, LL‑37 is higher in infections (especially complicated ones), and β‑defensin‑2 isn’t produced in the pleural space. The peptides didn’t prove very good at diagnosing the cause of the effusion.
Lim. Ratana R; Barker. Gillian G; Lappas. Martha M
The study found that the antimicrobial peptide LL‑37 spikes in the uterus and fetal membranes during natural labor and that adding LL‑37 to tissue samples makes them release more inflammation‑related chemicals, acting through a known immune pathway.
Gedik. Ahmet Hakan AH; Cakir. Erkan E; Gokdemir. Yasemin Y; Uyan. Zeynep Seda ZS; Kocyigit. Abdurrah...
A study measured two immune proteins, LL‑37 and hBD2, in kids with a lung condition called post‑infectious bronchiolitis obliterans and found both were higher than in healthy children, but the levels didn’t relate to age, gender, weight, or vitamin D.
De Majumdar. Shyamasree S; Yu. Jing J; Fookes. Maria M; McAteer. Sean P SP; Llobet. Enrique E; Finn....
The study shows that a bacterial protein called RamA changes the surface of Klebsiella pneumoniae, making it less vulnerable to the human immune peptide LL‑37 and some antibiotics. This helps the bacteria spread more easily in the body, but it doesn’t give any direct tips for people to use LL‑37 or improve health.
Visser. Douwe H DH; Solomons. Regan S RS; Ronacher. Katharina K; van Well. Gijs T GT; Heymans. Marti...
Researchers found that a protein called LL‑37 is much higher in the spinal fluid of kids with tuberculous meningitis, and together with two other markers it can help doctors tell this disease apart from other meningitis types, though it’s not a quick test you can use at home.
Gupta. Kajal K; Singh. Sameer S; van Hoek. Monique L ML
Scientists tested several short, cheap‑to‑make antimicrobial peptides and found that one called ATRA‑1A can kill a lab strain of mycobacteria at very low doses, and some of these peptides work better when combined with the antibiotic polymyxin B, but not with rifampicin. The findings are mostly early‑stage and not ready for personal use.
Kim. Miri M; Kim. Kyung-Eun KE; Jung. Haw Young HY; Jo. Hyunmu H; Jeong. Seo-Won SW; Lee. Jahyung J;...
A study found that a protein called Erdr1 is lower in people with rosacea, while the inflammatory molecule IL‑18 is higher. In mice, giving LL‑37 caused rosacea‑like skin redness and blood vessel growth, but treating them with lab‑made Erdr1 reduced the redness, immune cell infiltration, and new blood vessels. This suggests Erdr1 could help calm skin inflammation and blood‑vessel changes in rosacea, but it’s still early‑stage animal work.
Blotnick. Edna E; Sol. Asaf A; Bachrach. Gilad G; Muhlrad. Andras A
The study shows that two saliva proteins, histatin‑3 and histatin‑5, can stick to and bundle actin fibers outside cells. Histatin‑3 does this more strongly and at lower concentrations, especially in acidic conditions. This interaction is mostly driven by electric charges, with some hydrophobic help, and may affect how these proteins work in the mouth.
Nakagawa. Yukinobu Y; Gallo. Richard L RL
This study shows that the immune‑boosting peptide LL‑37 (in humans) and its mouse version CRAMP affect how immune cells detect DNA‑like molecules, but the mouse peptide works inside cells rather than helping DNA get inside. The findings are mostly basic science and don’t give clear ways to use LL‑37 for health or performance.
Dean. Scott N SN; Walsh. Callee C; Goodman. Haddon H; van Hoek. Monique L ML
Researchers used a fast, non‑destructive mass‑spec method to look at mixed bacterial biofilms and saw that the natural antimicrobial peptide LL‑37 alters the biofilm’s chemical makeup, but the paper doesn’t provide any human‑focused dosing or safety guidance.
Jang. Yong Hyun YH; Lee. Kyou Chae KC; Lee. Seok-Jong SJ; Kim. Do Won DW; Lee. Weon Ju WJ
Researchers tested four mouse types to see which best mimics human acne when injected with the acne‑causing bacteria P. acnes. The HR‑1 mice showed the strongest skin inflammation, tiny cyst‑like spots, and higher levels of the immune protein LL‑37, especially at the higher bacterial dose. This suggests HR‑1 mice could be a useful model for studying acne, but the findings don’t directly translate into new health hacks for people.