An antimicrobial peptide of the cathelicidin family that provides innate immune defense by killing pathogens and modulating inflammation and wound healing.
Researchers looked at blood markers from neutrophils to see if they can predict how well people with Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis respond to treatment. They found a handful of markers that look promising, but LL‑37 only showed weak, inconsistent signals and isn’t reliable for predicting outcomes. Overall, blood tests might help doctors forecast disease course, but the findings don’t give clear, actionable steps for self‑experimenters.
Panteleev. Pavel V PV; Safronova. Victoria N VN; Kruglikov. Roman N RN; Bolosov. Ilia A IA; Ovchinni...
The study shows that a type of antibacterial peptide called Bac7 can become less effective against E. coli when the bacteria change certain proteins, but this resistance doesn’t seem to affect other natural peptides like LL‑37. The findings are mostly about how bacteria adapt in the lab, not about how people can use these peptides for health or performance.
Acen. Ester Lilian EL; Worodria. William W; Kateete. David Patrick DP; Olum. Ronald R; Joloba. Moses...
The study looked at whether the amount of free vitamin D in the blood predicts levels of the immune peptide LL‑37 in people with active TB, latent TB, or no TB. They found only a weak link, meaning higher vitamin D didn’t reliably boost LL‑37 as hoped.
The paper explains that a protein called LL-37, which is part of our innate immune system, can trigger the release of web‑like DNA structures (NETs) from immune cells in the nose of people with chronic sinus inflammation. These structures can help fight infections but also worsen inflammation and tissue damage. The study mainly describes this process in patients with nasal polyps and links it to higher levels of certain immune signals and bacterial colonization.
Cardelli. M M; Pierpaoli. E E; Marchegiani. F F; Marcheselli. F F; Piacenza. F F; Giacconi. R R; Rec...
In older COVID‑19 patients, certain blood markers that show cell damage and immune activation (like neutrophil elastase, a protein called sCD163, and the quality of cell‑free DNA) were linked to a higher chance of dying in the hospital. The peptide LL‑37 was measured but didn’t stand out as a predictor of outcome.
Manca. Benedetta B; Buffi. Giada G; Magri. Greta G; Del Vecchio. Mariangela M; Taddei. Anna Rita AR;...
Neisseria gonorrhoeae can coat itself with a sticky molecule called polyphosphate that acts like a shield, helping it survive the body’s defenses including the natural antibiotic peptide LL‑37. Removing this coating makes the bacteria vulnerable, while adding extra polyphosphate protects them.
MacDermott-Opeskin. Hugo I HI; Wilson. Katie A KA; O'Mara. Megan L ML
Scientists used computer simulations to see how the antimicrobial peptide LL‑37 (and three others) sticks to the inner membrane of the drug‑resistant bug Acinetobacter baumannii. They found that the way these peptides affect the membrane changes a lot depending on whether the bacteria’s membrane contains more polyunsaturated fats, and on the peptide’s size and charge. This shows that bacterial membrane makeup can influence how well such peptides work, but the study doesn’t give any direct tips for human use.
Li. Y Y; Wang. J J JJ; He. Y D YD; Xu. M M; Li. X Y XY; Xu. B Y BY; Zhang. Y M YM
Scientists put the antimicrobial peptide LL‑37 onto tiny tube‑like structures on titanium and found it helps skin cells stick and move faster while also killing harmful bacteria, but this is about implant surfaces, not something you can directly use at home.
Researchers found that a single change in a bacterial sensor protein (CovS Y39H) makes a normally harmless throat strain of Strep pyogenes less dangerous and less able to react to the antimicrobial peptide LL‑37, which normally signals the bacteria to turn on its virulence genes.
Yu. Qingqing Q; Wang. Xin X; Li. Xinyu X; Bai. Xue X; Zhao. Ronglan R; Peng. Xiaoxiang X
The article reviews research showing that the P2X7 receptor, which is found on many cells including pancreatic cancer cells, helps tumors grow by activating several inflammation‑related pathways, and that drugs blocking this receptor might slow or stop pancreatic cancer, but it offers no concrete guidance for personal health or supplement use.
Rivera-Concha. Rodrigo R; León. Marion M; Prado-Sanhueza. Aurora A; Sánchez. Raúl R;...
The study shows that a protein called LL‑37, which is part of the immune system, can quickly damage bull sperm cells by breaking their membranes, and other immune proteins cause oxidative stress after a longer exposure. This is the first time such harmful effects of immune‑derived molecules on sperm have been shown in the lab.
Sigurgrimsdottir. Hildur H; Bjornsdottir. Eva Osp EO; Eysteinsdottir. Jenna Huld JH; Olafsson. Jon H...
The study shows that the antimicrobial peptide LL-37 changes how skin cells (keratinocytes) release inflammation signals, especially in psoriasis‑like conditions, and that its levels are higher in active psoriasis lesions but drop after phototherapy.
Su. Yajuan Y; Sharma. Navatha Shree NS; John. Johnson V JV; Ganguli-Indra. Gitali G; Indra. Arup K A...
Scientists made tiny vesicles (exosomes) from immune cells that were loaded with a natural antimicrobial peptide called LL‑37. These boosted exosomes can kill bacteria and help blood vessels and skin cells grow, suggesting they could be used for infection control and wound healing, but the method is complex and not ready for personal use.
Hu. Linda I LI; Stohl. Elizabeth A EA; Seifert. H Steven HS
The study shows that a bacterial structure called the type IV pilus helps Neisseria gonorrhoeae avoid being killed by the human antimicrobial peptide LL‑37 by keeping the amount of free iron inside the bacteria low. When the pilus is missing, the bacteria have more labile iron, making them more vulnerable to LL‑37 and hydrogen peroxide, and this can be reversed by removing iron from the environment.
Singh. Priyanka P; Szigyártó. Imola Cs IC; Ricci. Maria M; Gaál. Anikó A; Quem&#...
Scientists tested three antimicrobial peptides (LL-37, FK-16, CM15) to see if they could strip away unwanted proteins that stick to tiny bubbles released by red blood cells (called extracellular vesicles). They found that the peptides can pull off these surface proteins, identified 17 of them, and that FK-16 works best for this purpose.
A recent correction to a study about the peptide LL‑37 shows that, at very low (nanomolar) levels, it can make a lab‑made membrane that mimics mitochondria more leaky, but the paper is mostly about a technical detail and doesn’t give any real‑world advice for using LL‑37.
Chernomordik. Fernando F; Cercek. Bojan B; Zhou. Jianchang J; Zhao. Xiaoning X; Lio. Nicole Wai Man...
The study shows that in people with acute heart attacks, a natural protein called LL‑37 triggers a specific type of immune cell (CD8+ T cells) to stay active and form memory, which may worsen the condition. This response is controlled mainly by the immune checkpoint CTLA‑4 and can be dampened by platelets.
Kolesinski. Piotr P; Wang. Kuei-Chen KC; Hirose. Yujiro Y; Nizet. Victor V; Ghosh. Partho P
Researchers discovered that a protein on the surface of the strep throat bacteria can unfold and grab the human antimicrobial peptide LL‑37, effectively neutralizing it. This binding can happen with multiple LL‑37 molecules and is seen in several common bacterial strains, suggesting a clever way the bacteria dodge our immune defenses.
The study looked at tiny, non‑toxic quantum dots (tiny particles used in imaging) and how they affect immune cells when the cells are triggered by the peptide LL‑37. The dots got inside the cells without killing them, but they changed how the cells reacted to LL‑37, sometimes boosting one inflammatory signal (TNF‑α) and lowering another (IL‑8). For most biohackers, this isn’t directly useful because quantum dots aren’t a common supplement or therapy, but it does show that nanomaterials can tweak immune responses.
Zhou. Lei L; Zhao. Han H; Zhao. He H; Meng. Xin X; Zhao. Zhixiang Z; Xie. Hongfu H; Li. Ji J; Tang....
The study shows that a protein called GBP5 makes skin inflammation worse in a mouse model of rosacea by pushing immune cells (macrophages) to a pro‑inflammatory state through the NF‑κB pathway, and that turning off GBP5 reduces the inflammation.