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Thymulin, Thymic Factor, Serum Thymic Factor, Facteur Thymique Serique
A synthetic thymic nonapeptide that modulates immune function by promoting T-cell differentiation and enhancing overall immunity.
Lukash. N V NV; Polishchuk. T F TF
In a rat study, three peptides—thymalin, dalargin, and a pig‑stomach derived peptide called mucozaline—were tested for how well they protect the duodenum from ulcer damage. All three showed some protective effect, but mucozaline worked best, followed by dalargin, with thymalin being the least effective of the three.
Khmel'nitskaia. N M NM
A study on 59 kids with big tonsils showed that using the peptide thymalin, either by injection or a special rinse, helped shrink the tonsils and improved immune markers in the blood and the tissue lining. The changes suggest the immune system was more active and the tissue barrier got back to normal.
Perederiĭ. V G VG; Tkach. S M SM; Bychkova. N G NG; Blazhenko. I L IL
The study found that the thymus‑derived peptide thymalin, especially when combined with sodium nucleinate, helped improve symptoms and immune markers in people with mild ulcerative colitis, while another drug, levamisole, caused more side effects and didn’t add extra benefit.
Zhukova. G V GV; Schikhlyarova. A I AI; Barteneva. T A TA; Shevchenko. A N AN; Zakharyuta. F M FM
In a rat study, the peptide Thymalin given at doses lower than typical therapeutic levels slowed down or even shrank tumors in more than half of the animals. It also boosted activity in the thymus, a key immune organ, and seemed to help the animals stay calm and less stressed. The researchers think the good results come from using low doses and adjusting them over time.
Skvortsova. R G RG; Nikitina. O I OI
A study on lung TB patients found that adding the peptide thymalin (with T‑activin) helped balance certain immune cells in the blood and was linked to better health outcomes, but the research was done on sick patients, gave no dosage details, and used lab‑based measurements that aren’t easy to replicate at home.
Khlystova. Z S ZS; Kalinina. I I II; Shmeleva. S P SP; Ryabchikov. O P OP; Khavinson. V Kh VKh
The study found that a protein called thymalin is present in the skin of both embryos and young adults, but its amount drops as people get older, especially after age 70, when the layer of thymalin‑rich cells becomes thin and broken.
Demidov. S V SV; Kostromin. A P AP; Chernyshenko. E F EF; Kuĭbeda. V V VV; Borovok. M I MI
In guinea pigs, giving the peptide thymalin (along with thymogen) after a BCG vaccine boosted the production of a molecule called cGMP in T‑cells, which lowered the balance between cAMP and cGMP. This shift could affect how the immune system works, but the study was done in animals and didn’t test any human dosing or outcomes.
Usov. S N SN; Ol'shanetskiĭ. A A AA
A study on 46 patients with a type of abdominal infection found that injecting the peptide thymalin into the muscle didn’t improve local immune defenses, but delivering it directly into the large omental fat bag cleared both systemic and local immune suppression.
Kasymova. G G GG; Tukhtaev. K R KR
In a liver injury model, the peptide thymalin (along with another immunostimulant) helped protect the thymus gland by reducing cell loss and encouraging cell division, but it didn't fully restore normal thymus structure. The benefit was seen regardless of when the peptide was given relative to the injury.
Tretiak. N N NN; Babenko. T F TF; Gaĭdukova. S N SN; Zverkova. A S AS; Beschastnaia. S P SP
A study looked at adding the peptide thymalin and a procedure called plasmapheresis to the usual chemotherapy for people with chronic lymphoid leukemia. The combination seemed to help patients reach clinical and blood‑test improvements faster than chemotherapy alone, and it also appeared to boost the activity of the immune system.
Gol'zand. I V IV; Egorov. V B VB; Popova. I A IA
The study looked at kids with chronic hepatitis B who also had a weakened immune system. It found that a peptide called thymalin helped improve immune function in some of them, especially those without a certain type of harmful immune factor, while a combo of decaris and prednisolone helped those who did have that factor. The results suggest thymalin can modulate immunity, but only in very specific disease conditions.
Bespalov. V G VG; Troian. D N DN; Petrov. A S AS; Morozov. V G VG; Khavinson. V Kh VKh
In a rat study, the synthetic peptide thymogen (similar to the natural peptide thymalin) was given after exposure to a cancer‑causing chemical and modestly lowered the number and size of esophagus and stomach tumors, while a related peptide had no effect. The effect was small and only shown in animals, so it isn’t ready for direct use by hobbyists.
Domina. E A EA
The study looked at people who were exposed to low levels of radiation from the Chernobyl disaster and found that a peptide called thymalin (along with some other substances) can change how radiation damages blood cells. Depending on the dose and how sensitive the cells are, thymalin could either protect the cells or make them more vulnerable.
Kuznik. B I BI; Vitkovskiĭ. Iu A IuA; Budazhabon. G B GB; Sizonenko. V A VA
In a small study of 32 severe burn patients, giving the peptide thymalin helped clear dangerous blood clotting problems, balanced inflammation signals, and let doctors finish skin grafts about five days sooner while cutting overall hospital time by roughly eleven days.
Labunets. I F IF; Rodnichenko. A E AE; Magdich. L V LV; Butenko. G M GM
In mice, giving the peptide thymalin (or a similar thymic factor) changed the number of certain bone‑marrow cells that help make immune cells, especially in older animals. The effect varied with the season, and thymalin helped restore normal patterns of CD4+ immune cells and stress hormone levels in old mice.
Khavinson. V Kh VKh; Seryĭ. S V SV; Malinin. V V VV
In animal studies, giving peptide mixes from the thymus and bone marrow helped restore immune function and blood cell production after exposure to ionizing radiation, with the combined mix working best.
Aliev. M G MG; Kurbanov. T G TG; Morozov. V G VG; Guseĭnov. Sh G ShG; Tarkhanov. N S NS
In a guinea‑pig study, the peptide thymalin was tested to see if it could balance an under‑active or over‑active thymus. The researchers found it changed the size of the thymus and altered some immune‑related hormones, and they concluded the drug looked promising. However, the work is only in animals and gives no clear dosing or safety info for people.
Moskalik. K G KG
In a mouse study, giving the peptide thymalin (and a similar one, epithalamin) together with a special laser treatment helped keep cancer from spreading and boosted certain immune cells, but the work was done only in lab animals and used a 1 mg dose that isn’t directly comparable to human use.
Hermánek. J J; Prokopic. J J
In a mouse study, a single injection of the thymic peptide Thymalin cut the number of Taenia crassiceps parasites in the belly cavity by about half, and a related peptide called T‑activin did the same and even helped mice whose immune systems were weakened by a drug. However, the rise in specific antibodies didn’t explain the protection, and the work was done only in mice with a specific parasite, not in people.
Zaĭtseva. K K KK; Grigor'eva. Iu A IuA; Lotovin. A P AP
In rats that breathed pure oxygen under pressure, their lung cells that make surfactant (type‑II alveolar cells) got swollen, lost surfactant‑producing structures, and the number of these cells dropped. Giving the peptide thymalin (alone or with cytochrome C) helped the cells recover: surfactant‑making bodies grew back, mitochondria returned to normal size, and the cell count went back to healthy levels, especially when both compounds were used together.